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1

Towards the Divinity. Once more on the Coins of Seleucus I of the Nike Crowning a Trophy Type

100%
Mielczarek M.
Archeologia
|
2005
|
vol. 56
53-56
EN
This paper deals with a group of Seleucus I's coins with an obverse of a male head wearing a helmet covered with panther skin and adorned with bull ears and horns, and with another panther skin round the neck; on the reverse Nike crowning a trophy and the legend 'BASILEOS SELEYKOY'. To the list of previous interpretations a further suggestion about Seleucus I's monetary propaganda can be added. The author argues that by minting coins with the portrait of Alexander the Great with Dionysiac attributes Seleucus made an ideological background for his own divinity, as well as his own monetary portrait.
2

Luźne znaleziska monet i liczmana z rejonu byłej karczmy w miejscowości Siemichów (pow. średzki)

80%
Duma P.
Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
|
2011
|
vol. 53
85-94
EN
The article discusses six coins and a reckoning counter discovered near the remains of the ruined inn at Siemichów (distr. Środa Śląska). The inn was destroyed in 1945. The numismatic series, recovered within a radius of not more than 10 m from the ruins of the public house, is a mixed selection of five coins and a reckoning counter. In the first part of the article the author gives a brief overview of the history of the locality and its public house. The first known reference to Siemichów is from 1795, when the locality appears under the name of Neudörfel. Analysis of archival maps helped push back the origins of the locality to at least 1736. Its name then was “Neu Kretscham”. On Wernher’s map from around 1755 it appears as “Neu Kretsche”. The root in both these names – Kretscham – is a borrowing in German from the Slav karczma, meaning an inn or a public house. There is reason to believe that the inn gave rise to the settlement. The name Siemichów given to the locality after 1945 has nothing in common with this earlier name. The coin series includes a 1696 greschel struck by the mint in Brzeg (Germ. Brieg) during the reign of Emperor Leopold I (1658-1705); a coin with a face value of 1/48 thaler struck in Berlin in 1772, in the reign of Frederick II (1740-1786); a coin with a face value of 1/24 thaler struck during the reign of the same ruler in 1782 in Berlin. There were also two tokens. One of them lacks closer marks of its issuer; its period of issue was determined basing on its stylistic details as around 1920. The other token, with a face value of 5 pfennings, was issued by the authorities of the Lower Silesian town Sagan in 1917. At the same time, by far the most interesting in the series is a reckoning counter produced in the workshop of Johann Jacob Dietzel, tradesman active in Nurnberg in the period 1711-1748. In conclusion, basing on the series of stray coin finds from Siemichów the author proposes to push back the dating of the origin of this locality to a period earlier than the one known from the cartographic, not to mention the written, sources.
3
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The Spear of Saint Stephen

80%
Suchodolski S.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
|
2005
|
vol. 112
|
issue 3
91-110
EN
Heretofore historical studies dealing with the spear conceived as a symbol of authority have not fully exploited coins as iconographic sources. On Bohemian coins the spear held by a ruler appeared from the reign of Duke Yaromir (1003-1012) as the only insignium with which the ruler was equipped. From the time of his royal coronation, Vratislas II wields an apple and a sceptre instead of a spear, which was assumed by the patron of the dynasty and the state - Saint Wenceslaus, portrayed on the reverse of the coin. Upon certain occasions the saint is symbolised only by a hand holding a spear and presenting it, together with a blessing, to the king as a symbol of governance over the state. Upon this basis, we are entitled to conclude that in Bohemia the spear was an insignium already before 1080, when Henry IV permitted Vratislas II to use the spear seized from anti–king Rudolph. The appearance of this older spear at the beginning of the eleventh century (together with the assumption of the cult of St. Wenceslaus by the Premyslid dynasty) entitles us to surmise that it, and not the spear received from the emperor, was already associated with the holy patron. On Hungarian coins, the spear appeared slightly earlier (1000–1001): its depiction, together with a banner, is to be found on the oldest denarii of Stephen I, minted probably in connection with his coronation. There is no doubt that it belonged to the king, as evidenced by the encircling inscription LANCEA REGIS. On the other hand, the identity of the hand holding a spear remains controversial. László Kovács assumed that this was the hand of Stephen himself. The author of the article maintains that we are dealing with Manus Dei, indicated by the accompanying lines, which symbolise clouds, and the manner of holding the spear.Through the intermediary of his coins Stephen I wished to show that he had received the spear from God. At first glance, this ascertainment unambiguously resolves the controversy relating to the origin of the Hungarian royal insignia. Was their source the pope or the emperor? Manus Dei would seem to speak in favour of the former, but it must be kept in mind that Emperor Otto III could have been recognised as a mediator in the transference of the royal insignia. The only source directly mentioning the presentation of a replica of the spear of St. Maurice to the Hungarian ruler is the chronicle by Adémar de Chabannes. Despite the fact that it has been recently recognised to have been written by Ademar himself in about 1028/1029, the fragment of particular interest to us (lib. III, 31) contains a jumble of information.Until this question is resolved we should accept the possibility that the emperor (co-operating with the pope) really did send the royal insignia to Stephen. They included a replica of the Holy Spear which, as the coins seem to indicate, was acknowledged by the recipient as the foremost insignium. The author proposes a hypothesis claiming that such a situation, without analogy in other countries, could have been the consequence of the fact that the gift presented by the emperor was enhanced by a vexillum donated by Pope Sylvester II and meticulously portrayed on the coin.
4

K OSÍDLENIU CHOTÍNA V DOBE RÍMSKEJ

80%
Rajtár J., Kolníková E., Kuzmová K.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2017
|
vol. 21
|
issue suppl.
173 - 193
EN
Aerial prospection and systematic field surveys have documented an exceptionally intensive and extensive settlement in Chotín during the Roman Period. Its beginnings go back to the second half of the 1st century, when it was settled by the Germanic tribes. It continued to grow in the 2nd century, flourished in the 3rd and 4th centuries and survived until the Migration Period in the early 5th century. Farmstead structure of settlements with trench fencing around residential and farm structures have been detected in some parts of the area. Traces of a Roman temporary camp dating to the Marcomannic wars have also been found there. The short distance of the settlements from the Roman borders on the Danube had a huge impact on the immediate contacts between the local population and the adjacent part of the Roman province of Pannonia. Here, in the foreground of Brigetio, an important market settlement was probably founded as early as in the 2nd century. It may have been this settlement that Claudius Ptolemy refers to as Kelemantia. The existence of the settlement is attested by a number of imported Roman goods. With 649 fragments of terra sigillata and 747 Roman coins, the settlement outnumbers all sites in the Central European Barbaricum, and documents the extremely intensive trade exchange with the neighbouring Roman territory. The Germanic settlements in Chotín are likely to have played a key role also in the distribution of Roman imports along the eastern branch of the Amber Road, which led further north to the nearer and farther regions.
5

Ancient Coins from the Warsaw University Institute of Archaeology Excavations at Ptolemais, Libya (2002-2004)

80%
Jaworski P.
Archeologia
|
2005
|
vol. 56
77-90
EN
The article presents coin finds from the excavations carried out by the Warsaw University Institute of Archaeology in the 'Villa with a View' at Ptolemais, Libya, in 2002-2004. Included in the catalogue are 118 coins, all bronzes with the exception of one denarius of Severus Alexander. More than half of the coins were struck in Greek mints in Hellenistic and Roman times. The assemblage largely corresponds to the material previously discovered at the site by an American expedition and to the collection kept in the local museum. A considerable percentage of the coins comes from destruction layers and accumulated deposits related to severe earthquakes during the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. Upon analysis, this set gives a fairly consistent idea of the chronology of the 'Villa with a View' and its immediate neighborhood. The proposed chronology is confirmed by stylistic analyses of the architectural decoration, mosaics and murals from the villa.
6

Rzymskie i wczesnobizantyjskie złoto w barbarzyńskich skarbcach i sakiewkach [IV-VI wiek n.e.]

80%
Iluk J.
Polonia Sacra
|
2011
|
issue 29(73)
63-96
EN
In every epoch the political and economic problem was the flow of gold out the country. In Late Roman Empire sums paid as annonae foederaticae, tribute and donativa are traceable in the source material. On the other hand, there is much evidence of tribute paid to barbarian tribes. This information has often persuaded historians that these payments were the main reason for the collapse of the Roman economy. We have tried to demonstrate that such a view is too extreme. Above all, one has to remember that Imperial diplomacy did not allow the number of recipients of gold to increase and, more important still, it was able to maintain these payments at an almost constant level for two centuries. We might add that from the mid-5th century onwards, there was a noticeable increase in the gold stocks in the Eastern Empire’s treasury. The purposes of the tributes varied depending on time and political circumstances. An analysis of the sources shows that payments of imperial gold usually involved: – the purchase of a military alliance with some barbarian leader – the protection of the state from barbarian invasions – the support of pro-Roman pretenders to barbarian thrones – the buying off of prisoners of war Tributes were usually paid out at the imperial court where representatives of barbarian leaders had come to collect them. The entire operation was directed by the comes sacrarum largitionum. These payments are described in the sources as stipendium, which were remitted annually to the emperor’s foederati. The provenance of the recipients of Roman gold shows clearly from which direction Rome expected the greatest threats. In the 5th century, it were the Huns who were paid the largest sums of imperial gold. Numerous tributes were paid to the Gothic tribes, also in the second half of the 5th century. During the 5th century lavish pay-outs in gold were other tribes. Above all we should keep in mind the massive contributions paid to the Visigoths in the first years of this century. From the mid-5th century onwards, tributes were paid from the treasury of the Eastern Empire. In Zeno’s time, large quantities of gold were put aside as donativa for the Isaurians. In the 6th century, almost all the outgoing gold found its way to Persian. In the 560s, new “receivers” of Byzantine gold appear on the scene, in areas bordering on the Black Sea and later in the Danube valley. In the history of the Byzantine Empire the chapter of struggles with the Avars now opens. These instances of the imperial wealth at the close of the 5th and beginning of the 6th centuries demonstrate that the tributes paid out to the barbarians did not directly threaten the financial statem of the Empire. Silent witnesses of these contributions and the same time lingering traces of the stormy period of tribal migrations in the 5th and 6th centuries are the hoards of solidi still found occasionally in Central and Northern Europe. The finds of gold coins in areas to the north of the Danube and east of the Elbe quite clear that these solidi were almost all issued in the 5th century and the first half of the 6th – the last issues of Justinian’s rule. The majority of finds have been made in Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast, indeed 50 of the 70 hoards were discovered in this area. The spread of gold coins from the Danube to Scandinavia came about in stages. The first one was the transport of the gold from the imperial treasury to the seats of the Hun or Gothic rulers. From there, in the second stage, many gold coins became scattered about the entire Barbaricum area as result of trading or tribal connections. It must be stressed here that only part of the solidi received from the Romans were accepted in inter-tribal dealings. Most of the coins were melted down, and the gold later used in the production of jewellery.
7

KREMNICKÁ MINCOVŇA NA STRÁNKACH DOBOVEJ TLAČE V OBDOBÍ ROKOV 1938/1945

80%
Volentier L.
Motus in verbo: časopis mladej vedeckej generácie
|
2019
|
vol. 8
|
issue 1
7 – 14
EN
The Kremnica mint belongs to the world's unique ones that need to be presented. Even a relatively short period of the Slovak state has brought a lot of interesting insights into the history of the company. The period in question arose only at the outside of an independent state. Germany ran everything from industry to functioning in the country. It was also the case in the Kremnica mint, but the state and Germany oversaw the processing of such expensive metal and coinage. Besides these things the company produced badges, medals and buttons. The post-1943 period was a difficult period for the company to produce raw materials for production. The mint, thanks to the SNU, managed to survive this difficult period and thanks to many interventions helped the insurgents. The period after the suppression of the SNU meant for the mercenary occupation a subsequent expulsion and the destruction of what could not be taken away. After the liberated lands by the Soviet army, a gradual renewal of the business and the launch of new coins came about. It is to the detriment that the reference of the Kremnica mint, written since 1328, has been in the last time shuffling from people's awareness.
8

Orzeł ukoronowany na denarze Bolesława Chrobrego z legendą "PRINCES POLONIE" - analiza motywu

80%
Kossowski M. D.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
|
2007
|
vol. 48
161-188
EN
The article treats of a detailed iconographic analysis of an avifaunal representation on the denarius of Boleslaw the Brave and a determination of the species to which the bird belongs, as well as the establishment what actually is crowning its head. On the basis of iconography of zoomorphic representations beginning with an archaic period, through a classical one, the antique Hellenistic and Roman period as well as early mediaeval, the hitherto concepts, defining the bird as a peacock, cock or a pigeon, have been abandoned. Analyzing the portrayals of birds, we acknowledge that on the denarius of Boleslaw the Brave there is a representation of an eagle, which can only be a species of a Golden Eagle or White-tailed Eagle. The examples of royal crowns of that time and the headgear of the bird betoken that the maker of the coin die imagined royal insignia on the eagle's head, the ones in the type of a four-cornered 'corona radiata'. Original article printed with German abstract.
9
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STREDOVEKÉ MINCE ZO ŠTÚROVA A OKOLIA ZO 6. AŽ 16. STOROČIA

80%
Hunka J.
Študijné zvesti
|
2016
|
issue 59
65 - 73
EN
In time of various illegal explorations in 2005-2010 more than 1200 medieval and modern coins were found in Štúrovo and its surroundings. Mainly, coins, counter jetton, pilgrim badge, sealing-sticks, rings, byzantine lead seal, or signum were founded. They are from period of the 10th-18th centuries. In our paper we publish only medieval finds from the 6th century to beginning of the 16th century. Such of them were hoards of coins from period of the 11th-13th centuries. But majority from them are several hundred finds of usual coins. Near originally coins were at this collection their imitation and counterfeit coins. Mentioned objects support importance of one part of international trade and military route near Danube River. Also suggest on nearness of capitol city of Hungarian kingdom at Esztergom. Foreign and home merchants, soldiers from abroad and head across western Slovakia to Esztergom grind through wider surrounding of Štúrovo.
10

KOMÁRNO IN THE LA TENE PERIOD

70%
Březinová G., Gere M. S. L. T. P. S. P. C.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2021
|
vol. 69
|
issue suppl 2
149 - 165
EN
In this exceptional strategical location on the confluence of the Danube and Váh river we have evidence of settlement in the end of the Middle and Late La Tène period. Although no area excavation has been carried out yet, important finds and features supported by rescue excavations allow us to classify this locality as an important site. Features and findings have been confirmed at eight locations. As for settlement features, they are pits of various functions and production features including the remarkable site of Nádvorie Európy square with a series of six pottery kilns. They produced high-quality goods made on potter’s wheel which also contained painted pottery. We suppose that Komárno in the La Tène period was one of eminent locations with concentration of production and trade. Thus, contacts were directed to the north, along the so-called Váh route, as well as southwards and southwestwards.
11

NEUE ALTFUNDE GEHENKELTER RÖMISCHER SOLIDI DES KAISERS VALENS AUS TRANSKARPATIEN (UKRAINE)

70%
Prohászkaaa P.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2021
|
vol. 69
|
issue suppl 2
343 – 347
EN
The article deals with two Roman gold coins of Valens, which were found in Transcarpathia. Only reports are about them in the Archive of the Hungarian National Museum. They were found in Užhorod and Nagyszlatina. Both coins have a suspension loop. Thanks to the descriptions it was possible to evaluate the finds. They belong to the evidences of the Roman political relationship with the German elites.
12

MINCE Z PRIKOSTOLNÉHO CINTORÍNA V DUCOVOM

61%
Hunka J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2011
|
vol. 59
|
issue 2
337 – 367
EN
In the years 1968 – 1972 and 1975 A. Ruttkay excavated the medieval and modern-era cemetery of the nobiliary court in Ducové. During the research, 450 pieces of coins from the years 253 to 1859 were found. They are documenting the importance of the settlement in Ducové and its political and economic development. Some of coins in the founded collection at the site are very rare, e. g. a Bohemian silver denarius of Boleslaus II, the duke of Bohemia, from the end of 10th century; three Moravian denarii of bishop Bruno, minted at Olomouc in the 2nd half of 13th century; ten Bavarian broad denarii from the beginning of the 11th century; another Bavarian, Salzburgian and others pfennigs from the 15th century; Austrian pfennigs from the end of 12th century to 15th century. Hungarian coins from the beginning of 11th century to the years 1859 – 1860 are more usual. In Ducové a bigger collection of Arpadian coins from Slovakia dated to the reigning period of the rulers Stephanus I to Andreas II were found as well. They are proving the development of economic relations at the region of the central Váh river basin as well as the trade and other contacts of inhabitants living at this part of Slovakia with wide surroundings. At the same time the coins from Ducové are evidence of an unusual non-christian funeral custom of giving coins to graves. From the total number of 2000 graves, almost 450 contained also coins. This is the biggest collection of coins from graves in Slovakia and one of the utmost in central Europe, too. The Hungarian coins from Ducové give us a possibility to analyse similar groups of coins, e. g. from the time of Andreas I, Ladislaus I, Kolomanus, or Stephanus II, and to observe the legal order – exchange of several types of coins, once or twice to year. The difference between the value of older and younger coins compensated state duty. This order was applied from the 1060s to the 1st third of 14th century. Only few coins from the 14th and 15th centuries have been found at the site, as the local community was not very big. At the 2nd half of 15th century the region was occupied by enemies – the Hussite Brethren, who built a small fortress here. This was the reason why the site was completely abandoned soon. Coins of modern era from Ducové documented the social position of local inhabitants. Only coins of low value – silver and copper denarii, poltura, and copper kreutzers were given to the graves. From this time, only a copper Salzburgian kreutzer from the year 1805 is unusual. The burial place was used to 1860.
13
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DEPOT NESKORORÍMSKYCH MINCÍ Z HÁJA A OSÍDLENIE REGIÓNU TURCA V 4.–5. STOROČÍ PO KR.

61%
Pieta K., Hunka J., Krupel M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2021
|
vol. 68
|
issue 1
119 - 134
EN
The article publishes the first coin find from the northern Slovak region of Turiec, with the final coinage from the Early Migration Period. These are mostly the heavily worn 4th century copper coins. The hoard of this type is characteristic mainly for the northern Central Danube region. Based on the few compiled and analyzed settlement finds from the highlands, it was assumed that this area was rather under the influence of the late Suebian settlement of southwestern and western Slovakia and proves few connections with the neighboring area of the North Carpathian Group. It also supports the distribution of the 4th–5th century sites in the south and their absence in the north of the region.
14
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VÝSKUM ZANIKNUTÉHO KOSTOLA VO VLKOVEJ

61%
Fecko P., Javorský F.
Študijné zvesti
|
2014
|
issue 56
133 - 154
EN
The archaeological excavation in the village Vlková (dist. Kežmarok) started in 1998 carried out by researcher František Javorský from the Institute of Archaeology of SAS at Nitra – Department Spišská Nová Ves. Here a brick church with fence stone wall was built. It is so-called village single-nave church with east-west orientation. Its ground plan belongs to the 13th century and has several phases of construction. In addition to the base of the main altar, two side altars were also excavated. The floor remains dated to the first and second phase were partially preserved. In total, 94 graves were unearthed. Within prior surveys and excavation, shards of clay pots, coins, padlocks, keys, bronze belt hooks, spurs and plenty of iron and other artefacts were obtained. Based on archaeological finds the extinct settlement is dated back to the 12th (?) – 13th to 15th centuries.
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