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1

Corruption in Japan

100%
Topolska E.
Studia Polityczne (Political Studies)
|
2004
|
issue 16
117-138
EN
Writing about the Japanese society requires knowledge of the socio-cultural conditions of that unique country. Having this in mind, the authoress makes an effort at explaining the key-notions of the Japanese culture comprised in the Japanese language and the hierarchy relations in big corporations. The article has been divided into eleven short chapters, which deal with many complex issues of the politics and economy in Japan. The authoress explains the socio-cultural conditions, domination of state bureaucracy, regulation and control mechanisms, administrative rule, describes specific position of members of the parliament and budget management, explains why the dependency on the bureaucracy is so high in Japan and why the country introduced the investment-oriented development, also how the politics responds. Finally she writes about corruption and electoral reform, background of corruption, media establishment and tries to give explanation why reforming the Japanese political establishment is so difficult.
2
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CORRUPTION AND SOCIAL NORMS

100%
Goczek L.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2009
|
issue 24
22-38
EN
The paper investigates the effect of an exogenous social norm of administrative corruption on the incentives to be corrupt for bureaucrats that participate in the non-cooperative principal-agent game. This setting leads to many density dependent effects: i.e., critical population thresholds, which separate equilibriums with low levels of corruption from equilibriums with high levels of corruption. In order to counter the problem of multiple equilibriums evolutionary game theory is employed into the analysis. This means that people are no longer assumed able to be perfectly rational. Rather, they adopt strategies on the basis of trial and error, adapting their behavior on the basis of its 'success' with the result that they gravitate towards the relatively most successful type of behavior. As a result, the author characterizes the emergence of an equilibrium behavioral pattern within the population of bureaucrats as a social convention arising under the assumption that they tend to imitate relatively more rewarding behaviors.
3

Historical Background and Current Examples of Corruption in the Army

63%
Jedrzejko M.
Studia Polityczne (Political Studies)
|
2004
|
issue 16
97-116
EN
When writing about corruption in the army one has to go back to the military history of the armies of Egyptians, Romans and Napoleon, to begin with. Corruption connected with the army has always been based on enormous influence it had on political life and the wealth it provided to the kings and political rulers as a result of the victories over the enemy. In modern times the technological progress and the tools used to get the know-how to be on the top of the armament race created the necessity of creation channels (funding centers), which would be able to provide the latest technology to the interested party. There has not been much written about corruption in the Polish army in the modern times, although the sources are available. The author makes the list of the issues, which have been the most sensitive for the Polish army in the course of the history and in the 20th century. Among other issues, he analyses some inner-military mechanisms, fields of possible corruption, the most important external mechanisms and some corruption initiatives stemming from the contacts with external, non-military world. The author creates a model of the money-flow, which caused the biggest corruption scandals in recent years in the Polish army. He defines also the most common factors influencing the corruption practice.
4

Corruption as the Organisation's Negative Capital

63%
Nowakowski K.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2005
|
vol. 8
|
issue 2(27)
48-61
EN
Corruption is a universal and specific phenomenon of complex and various character and it embraces a lot of different shades and types. The knowledge of organisations provides more dimensions and realistic construct of resources and social capital. In the real organisation the success of a business is based not only on the formal, transparent resources but also on the use of informal ones. The author presents the role and importance of a negative social capital, knowledge and trust. The economic corruption can be described as relation inside an organisation and as entity with an environment of its own. In the specific context the corruption, mutual relations between people reduce uncertainty in a short time but it also reduces the competitiveness and future success of organisations for a longer period of time.
5

CORRUPTION AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM

63%
Makowski G.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
|
2004
|
vol. 48
|
issue 2
67-96
EN
We often talk about corruption as a social problem, though we hardly ever take into account sociology of social problems in analyzing it. However, a look at corruption from that perspective, particularly from the perspective of theories which accentuate the constructivist themes reveals quite interesting aspects of corruption. It inspires new thinking and helps to understand the difficulties which face those who are trying to fight corruption. The basic research question in this article is quite simple - why is corruption presented as a social problem and what are the consequences of such a view?
6

The effects of tax rates and corruption on the labour market. A cross-sectional comparative analysis of the OECD countries

51%
Lacko M.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)
|
2006
|
vol. 53
|
issue 11
961-985
EN
The study examines how tax rates, corruption and various labour-market institutions affect the relative sizes of various segments of the labour market - the unemployed, the employed, the self-employed, and those working in the hidden economy - in the developed market economies. Regressive analyses of the OECD countries for 1995-2000 confirm that differences of tax rates and market institutions are joined by differences in the scale of corruption as important explanatory factors for relative size of the labour-market segments. With the hidden economy and self-employment, the coefficients of expressing the effect of tax rates themselves depend on the scale of corruption, as a manifestation of interaction between these.
7

Nowe zjawisko korupcji komercyjnej

51%
Nowakowski K.
Contemporary Economics
|
2010
|
issue 2(14)
111-128
EN
This article is about increase corruption in private sector as commercial corruption. This establishes a wide understanding of that phenomenon in social science and law. Corruption and bribery are types of fraud and are linked with the private sector too. Although certain types of corruption will decline as the private sector grows and consolidates, other new types involving private sector firms may increase. The commercial corruption can be described as relation inside of an organization and as relation between firms. Corruption in private sector in Poland is connected with social distrust and specific organizational culture, too. Commercial corruption is a familiar feature of their societies and has been the focus of law enforcement and institutional reform. Many others problems do not change the fact that such corruption is a new important problem and causes lost of competitiveness and creates a substitute for fair market and competition in Polish economy and abroad.
8

CORRUPTION IN TERMS OF NEW INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONIMIC GROWTH (Korupcja w ujeciu nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej i jej wplyw na wzrost gospodarczy)

51%
Brzustewicz P.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2010
|
vol. 13
|
issue 4(49)
145-151
EN
The existence of poorly shaped institutional system leads to a reduction in the efficiency of economy functioning and leaves a gap for creation of informal institutions, such as the corrupt behaviour. Corruption has a negative impact on the economy and society, affecting directly other elements of the institutional system, such as: investment, education, trade policy, political stability, public finances and institutional environment. The progress made in the techniques of measuring corruption, has created the possibility to estimate its impact on growth factors. The results of these analyses indicate the indirect negative impact of corruption on economic growth measured by gross domestic product (GDP). Still some researchers notice also a neutral or positive impact of corruption on economy.
9

Garwolińska Polska — czego nie wiemy o regułach kulturowych III RP: ćwiczenie z zakresu instytucjonalnej socjologii interpretatywnej

51%
Zybertowicz A.
Forum Socjologiczne
|
2010
|
vol. 1
93-115
EN
The paper delivers a micro case study based on a brief note published on the website of the most influential daily newspaper in Poland. The note presents information from the prosecutor’s office about the situation, which lasted between 2006–2010 at a Customs Post in the 16 thousands inhabitants city of Garwolin (about 40miles south of the country’s capital city, Warsaw). All eight customs officers from the post had arranged a corruptive “firm” which on a regular basis successfully commanded informal fees from local businessmen, who had to deal with the obligatory custom services of the post. The paper attempts to explain, how such a “firm” could smoothly operate for a number of years within a social environment officially declared to be democratic, abiding by the law, built upon principles of free market and the free media as well. The paper’s explanatory enterprise invokes the notion of largely hidden principles of the contemporary Polish culture which, according to the analysis, provide a conducive milieu in which a corruptive arrangements can become institutionalised and escape the attention of institutions of formal and informal social control. Additionally certain structural factors referring to organizational culture of the Customs Service are brought into the picture.
10
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AN EXAMINATION OF CORRUPTION IN NIGERIAN ECONOMY

51%
Arinze P. E.
Hemispheres. Studies on Cultures and Societies
|
2008
|
issue 23
61-75
EN
The author contends that Nigeria's abysmal ranking in the transparency international (TI) corruption index or conversion with any citizen would indicate that corruption is rampant. The author states that the corruption started in Nigeria before independence. After the independence, the culture of corruption was transferred to the Nigerian elites and rulers. The objectives of the paper are to examine the nature and causes of corruption and the development of national economy. Using descriptive and historical method and content approach of gathering data the author observed that generally, the impact of corruption on the Nigerian economy can be viewed from two perspectives: corruption in the pubic sector and corruption in the private sector. The author noted that a survey report in 2003 on corruption showed that there was an increasing rate of corruption in the public services with the police topping the list. This has resulted in efficiency of parastatals and thereby reduces the productivity of the Nigeria economy. The author concludes that persistent stagnation and the decline in the Nigeria economy are the major factors generating corruption and recommends that to transform Nigeria into viable economy free of corruption, it is imperative to pursue a programme of vigorous democratisation and accelerated economic recovery.
11

Corruption in the University in Opinions and Experience of the Students from the University and Polytechnic of Lodz - Conditions and Consequences

51%
Debowska J.
Studia Polityczne (Political Studies)
|
2004
|
issue 16
7-43
EN
The article has been based on random sample of one hundred students of the Lodz University and Polytechnic. The authoress analyzes the existing legal regulations concerning higher education and the universities in particular, defines the tools and analyzes the phenomenon of corruption as seen by the students. Detailed study of the gathered data brings her to the following conclusions. Corruption on the university level has not been connected with access to the limited goods. It is, in opinion of the students, a price to pay, an alternative to the amount of time and effort to be spent on reading and learning. In the opinion of students it is a 'low-cost' method because when it is revealed, it does not necessarily bear a negative follow-up. Student, even on entering lists against corruption, seems not to notice any relations between theory and practice, that is between verbal condemnation and taking part in the group corruption. Lack of responsibility and self-consciousness of many students is due to the lack of the student ethos, which in the course of time has entirely disappeared. Taking into consideration the above conclusions it is natural that the academic teachers are responsible for reviving and rebuilding of such an ethos. Sadly, the teachers themselves are very often involved in corruption scandals. To minimize such negative developments in the higher education system, one should think about rebuilding of the ethos of students as well as of academic teachers. If the counter measures are not taken soon enough, the universities and other higher schools in Poland will loose the remnants of their prestige and will turn into the assembly-line producing thousands of ill-educated engineers, masters of arts, physicians and other diploma holders.Consequently their diplomas and titles will loose any significance for the future generations.
12
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POLITICAL SCIENCE APPROACH TOWARDS THE STUDY OF CORRUPTION

51%
Staronova K., Malikova L.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2007
|
vol. 39
|
issue 4
287-315
EN
The article refers to the concepts specifying corruption from the domain of political science. It follows the occurrence of the phenomenon in relation to misuse of power for personal profit and provides an overview of theses formulated by political science authors on corruption and misuse of power (e.g. Rose-Ackerman, Warren, Johnston, Klitgaard) in relation to public administration and policy making. The examples and documentation of Slovak experience is provided, particularly in the field of the politico-administrative relations and from the exercise of discretionary power of the street level bureaucracy. Corrupted behaviour usually arises in the environment of public power misuse, where institutional and legal framework does not provide sufficient opportunity for the expression of plurality of the opinions which consequently is reflected in the unequal participatory access of various economic and political elite as well as interest groups.
13
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BONDS OF STEEL OR BONDS OF STRAW? INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND ANTICORRUPTION POLICY IN SLOVAKIA

51%
Sičáková-Beblavá E., Beblavý M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2016
|
vol. 48
|
issue 3
290 – 313
EN
The paper is a case study of influence of international organizations on national/domestic policies. It analyses effect of major anti-corruption conventions of three organizations – OECD, Council of Europe and UN – on domestic policy in Slovakia to see whether these conventions matter for what actually happens in domestic policy. More broadly, it also looks at whether the current political science and sociological perspectives, with their dichotomy of external incentives and social learning, are appropriate for understanding the mechanisms through which such conventions operate. The conclusion is that, for domestic policymakers, international anticorruption conventions are not inherently either bonds of steel or bonds of straw. The external commitment would be used by domestic champions, but is not necessarily sufficient to override the domestic opposition.
14

TRUST VERSUS CORRUPTION - THE STRATEGIC CHOICE (Zaufanie kontra korupcja - wybor strategiczny)

51%
Grudzewski W. M., Hejduk I. K., Sankowska A., Wantuchowicz M.
Organization and Management
|
2009
|
issue 2(136)
133-144
EN
The article is presenting the problems originating from the lack of trust and growing number of corruption activities. Corruption leads to failure and bankruptcy of organization as well as it impacts the economy. The authors present the statistics describing each type of the corruption activity in Poland in 2002-2005/7. It can be easily observed that the dark side of trust - corruption is growing significantly from year to year. The solution in this situation is implementing into practice trust management. This is a stricte strategic choice, because trust cannot coexist with corruption, they are exceptive. Organizational trust requires immediate elimination of corruption.
15

SOME NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL: THE CASE OF UNDECLARED WORK IN LATVIA

51%
Sumilo E., Baumane I.
Humanities and Social Sciences: Latvia
|
2007
|
issue 2(51)
5-17
EN
Social capital is a concept that refers to obtaining various resources by means of formal and informal networks. Social capital usually exerts a positive influence on societies that possess it. The purpose of this article is to reveal several negative aspects of social capital present in transitional economies. It is argued that the relational and cognitive dimensions of this phenomenon create a fertile environment for undeclared work in Latvia. The study is based on three commonly accepted dimensions of social capital; the benefits and risks associated with these dimensions are considered, and the specifics of forming social capital in developing societies are emphasized. The findings of this research project are based on a recent survey about undeclared work in Latvia conducted by the University of Latvia within the framework of the European Union's structural funds national program 'Labor Market Researches'. The main results suggest that social capital in Latvia is not being expanded into trust in official institutions as is the case in countries with long-established democratic traditions. Moreover, attitudes prevalent in a society and associated with relational and cognitive social capital contribute to a climate of corruption and the perpetuation of undeclared work, or unregistered employment.
16
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APPROACHES TO DEFINING CORRUPTION

51%
Sicakova-Beblava E., Beblavy M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2007
|
vol. 39
|
issue 4
316-336
EN
Article deals with the corruption and multitude of its features in public sector. Analysing them, they firstly use broad approach trying to identify the hard-to-grasp phenomenon of corruptible behaviour and provide few general definitions. Suggesting that the general definitions provide little information for policy makers preventing corruption they later break the term in 10 fields of corruptive behaviour from the perspectives of law, economics and political science and provide specific typology of this phenomenon. The authors suggest that by combining both general and case specific approaches a more accurate image of corruption will be provided.
17

Corruption its conditions and consequences

51%
Wancerz E.
Studia Polityczne (Political Studies)
|
2004
|
issue 16
45-64
EN
The authoress tries to establish the influence of the corruption on the students of law at the Lublin University, and what do the students think about that phenomenon. To achieve this goal she has formulated four hypotheses, which have been compared with the data gathered in the random sample of 60 students from the Law and Administration Faculty of the University of Lublin. The data allow the authoress to conclude that the students point out the bad economic situation of the country as a major factor of the corruption. It leads to a conclusion that in order to minimize the negative effect of corruption one needs to improve the economic situation of the whole society. Majority of the students define corruption as an immoral behavior. There are persons however, which will not take part in it not because of the moral condemnation but ironically because of the lack of proper financial means. The final conclusion is that the young generation form their behavior on patterns created by the adults. Examples of successful corruption (or, how much one may gain from the corruption) destroy the moral and social fabric of any society. It is extremely important to pay the students' attention as well as warn them against such exceptionally dangerous evil actions which destroy the basis of democracy, undermine the state of law and slow down the economic progress
18

VÝCHODISKA PRO VYTVÁŘENÍ TRANSPARENTNÍHO A NEKORUPČNÍHO SYSTÉMU ZADÁVÁNÍ VEŘEJNÝCH ZAKÁZEK

51%
Ochrana F., Maaytová A.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue 7
732 – 745
EN
Public procurement is one of the forms of provision of public goods and services. Empirical studies analysing public procurement show, that one of the weaknesses of public procurement in the Czech Republic is its low transparency and resulting insufficient resistance to corruption. This study defines base for establishment of transparent and corruption free system of public procurement. It specifies conditions for creation of competitive environment, basis for demand driven system of public procurement and gives proposals for interconnection of transparent decision making procedures and the principles of economy, efficiency and effectiveness.
19

Transparency Principle of Organs of Territorial Self-Government as a Tool of Prevention against Corruption

51%
Sabala K.
Studia Polityczne (Political Studies)
|
2004
|
issue 16
65-96
EN
Corruption, that is, exploitation of the public position and influence for private purposes, is one of the problems of the Polish reality. The authoress focuses on some legal tools, which should eliminate corruption in the territorial governments. These tools have universal meaning for all the public sphere in Poland. The broadest group of anti-corruption tools creates norms defining what forms of parallel activities of the public servants are not allowed. Next to those 'prohibiting' norms concerning conduct or performance in the executed functions, there exist :'imposing' norms, which enforce certain pattern of behavior on the public servants. The authoress presents such norms of anti-corruption nature. These norms assure objectivity of the public servants, stipulated in the administrative law. The second chapter of the article deals in detail with those issues. It comprises regulations published in the manual of Administrative Law, which guarantee objectivity and transparency of the public servants at all stages of the given case. One of the chapters present the group of norms defined as regulations, which impose necessity of transparent work in all sectors of the public administration. It focuses on active and passive duty of information and on analysis of regulations concerning the access to the public information. The last chapter describes how the Law on Environment Protection is implemented. The authoress points out those institutions, which serve the citizen and are aimed at the growth of their thrust in the territorial self-governments.
20

ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDICATORS OF THE PUBLIC PROCUREMENT MARKET AND THE LEVEL OF PERCEIVED CORRUPTION IN EU MEMBER STATES

51%
Pavel J., Rističová S.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2015
|
vol. 63
|
issue 4
372 – 394
EN
Post-communist states of the European Union traditionally score in various rankings of indicators that deal with the degree of (perceived) corruption significantly worse than most of the old EU member states. One of the factors that strongly influence the unfavourable rating in these areas is a situation on the public procurement market. The presented paper aims by use of quantitative analysis to determine the extent to which are the level of corruption and public sector efficiency linked to selected indicators dealing with the situation on the public procurement market. The paper deals with two main topics. Firstly we discuss the procurement market from the macro-perspective. Secondly we have prepared two econometric models, which are analysing the relationship between level of corruption/efficiency of the public sector and selected indicators of the situation on the public procurement market (e.g. average number of bids, intensity of the competitive effect). The results show, that there is statistical significant relationship.
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