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1

Odrębność narodowościowa i etniczna Kaukazu w warunkach współczesnej unifikacji i dywersyfikacji świata

100%

Chodubski A.

Forum Politologiczne

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2007

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vol. 5 - Narody XXI wieku

83-104

EN

In recognition of national and ethnic life phenomena and processes Caucasus is a specific reality. It is assessed that Caucasian space of 440000 km2 is inhabited by over 100 nationalities and ethnic groups. Their historical fate, including national politics created specific way of their appearing, functioning social-political attitudes, aims and aspirations. The feature which distinguishes nationalities and ethnic groups of Caucasus is strong relation to the space they come from. Because of its numerical force they did not manifest the tendency to conquer and gaining new spaces. But in the reality of superpower's reign they had been resettled and dispersed. These phenomena had mostly appeared in XX century during so called Soviet ethnic politics. Caucasus is still a place of constant disagreements, contradictions and conflicts. Processes of ethnic transformations in Caucasus are the biggest challenge of political life. All ethnic groups must be concerned as subjects, attention must be drawn to the basic criterion that generates them and stimulates them to cultural development. In reality the language is an important mater - it is perceived as one of the fundamental parts of the development of institution of nationality and ethnic group and also as a trouble spot, next to religion and contradictory national interest.

2

Spatial analysis of ethnopolitical mobilisation in the Caucasus in the 1980s and 1990s

80%

Jelen L.

Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series

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2014

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vol. 25

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issue 25

115-128

EN

The paper aims to create a set of indicators which could best explain the varying intensity of ethnopolitical mobilisation in the Caucasian region. Selected data on social indicators of individual Caucasian territorial units are examined with help of correlation and regression analysis. The analysis results also show relations among individual social indicators which can help understand social and ethnic processes within the units.

3

Musta mere ranniku eesti asunikud malaaria meelevallas

80%

Jürgenson A.

Mäetagused

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2023

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vol. 85

61-94

EN

At the end of the 19th century, Estonian settlers encountered malaria in the Volga region and Siberia, but outbreaks with the most serious consequences hit Estonians in the Black Sea coastal region of the Caucasus. The article looks at the first contact of the local Estonians with malaria, how the disease affected migrations and settlement activities, what the Estonians’ descriptions of the disease were, what the causes of the disease were believed to be, how malaria was treated, and what preventive measures were used against the disease. Although malaria had also been present in many parts of Europe in earlier centuries, it had almost disappeared in the second half of the 19th century due to improved hygiene and sanitation. Europeans encountered malaria mainly in colonial countries, and so did Estonians. While in Estonia there were still several outbreaks of malaria in the first half of the 19th century, it was no longer a problem in the second half of the century. Now, Estonians came into contact with malaria mainly abroad – in warmer and wetter regions, where Estonian men had been conscripted into military service (e.g., the Russo-Turkish War, the Crimean War; cf. the Turkish disease) or where they had emigrated and established settlements. The resettling of Estonians to the Caucasus, which took place in the last quarter of the 19th century, cannot be described without mentioning malaria. Malaria hit Estonians primarily in settlements built in coastal areas, where there were sufficiently moist conditions for the development of malaria mosquitoes. Estonian colonists fell very ill in the first years of settlement, and their mortality rates were high. Many Estonians decided to return to their homeland due to malaria. The struggle of the Estonian settlers of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus with malaria occurred at a time when science had not yet discovered either the plasmodium that causes malaria or the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of the disease. The colonial authorities had introduced quinine as an antimalarial agent, which was distributed to the settlers, including Estonians, and began to drain the land, but the mechanisms of the disease’s origin and spread were unknown. This is also reflected in the disease explanations and treatment methods that were common among Estonian settlers. Folk names and magical healing methods for malaria were brought from Estonia, and were applied in combination with methods from conventional medicine. Neither the first nor the others corresponded to the true nature of the disease. Although malaria has been familiar in Estonia as well, also as a mythological disease, the mythological aspect has not been thoroughly thematized in the material of Caucasian Estonians, which does not mean that it was unknown. Although there are no surviving legends related to malaria as a mythological disease, and malaria is not presented as a disease demon, this may be due to the choice of the medium: our knowledge of Estonians’ struggle with malaria comes from reports sent to Estonian newspapers by the settlers, but the newspapers preferred to publish rational texts – the mythological side of the malaria lore, if it was known, was not present in the articles published in the newspapers. However, some treatment techniques have been preserved that convince that malaria was also explained mythologically. The treatment methods also betray the fact that the line between rational and mythological explanations may have been blurred: both old magical treatment methods and new medications offered by conventional medicine were used. As malaria was one of the main factors hindering settlement activities in the Caucasus, which is reflected by a rather extensive return migration, it acquired an important place in the so-called founding narrative of the settlements over time. Malaria was part of the wild nature that had to be conquered in order to achieve a stable existence and future for ourselves and future generations. The cutting down of dense forests and the struggle with wild animals threatening the settlers’ households was marked by hard work, which in turn testified to the settlers’ work ethic. Malaria was also attributed to intensive work. This confirmed the self-image of Estonians, for whom hard work has an important role. Information about the discovery of the causative plasmodium of malaria at the end of the 19th century, which proved the role of mosquitoes in the spread of malaria, reached the Caucasus with a slight time lag. It especially concerns the late arrival of new knowledge among the colonists – earlier knowledge about the connection of malaria with humidity and poisonous vapours remained among Estonian settlers even in the 20th century. Based on the new knowledge, the authorities improved the previous anti-malaria measures – during the Soviet times, a certain type of fish was cultivated in the water bodies, which destroyed the mosquito larvae. Swamp drainage, anti-humidity measures in building architecture, deforestation for farmlands and eucalyptus planting were in use in the late 19th century and destroyed the breeding grounds for mosquitoes even before the connection between mosquitoes and malaria was discovered. These methods are still in use today, because malaria has not really been eradicated from the Caucasus.

4

Kilka uwag do przypisów i komentarzy w opracowaniach książki Mateusza Gralewskiego „Kaukaz. Wspomnienia z dwunastoletniej niewoli” i Karola Kalinowskiego „Pamiętnik mojej żołnierki na Kaukazie i niewoli u Szamila. Od roku 1844 do 1854”

80%

Adamczewski P.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2015

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issue 3-4

281-290

EN

The article discusses the comments and footnotes made by three research teams on two books written by Poles, who were eyewitnesses to the Caucasian war in the eastern part of the Caucasus. The first of these books is "Kaukaz. Wspomnienia z dwunastoletniej niewoli" by Mateusz Gralewski, and the second is "Pamiętnik mojej żołnierki na Kaukazie i niewoli u Szamila. Od roku 1844 do 1854" by Karol Kalinowski. The article verifies some comments and corrects some mistakes that appear in the footnotes.

5

The Genocide of Chechens in the Context of Russian-Chechen Conflict – a Historical Outline

71%

Nadskakuła O.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2013

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vol. 3

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issue 2

PL

The purpose of this article is to present the genesis of the Chechen-Russian conflict, including the genocide of Chechens. The analysis explains how the aggressive actions of the Russian authorities were supposed to deal with “the strongest and most dangerous nation” of the Caucasus, in order to subjugate this region. Russian behaviour proves that their priority over the centuries was not an assimilation of Chechens and the peaceful solution of the conflict, but rather an “imperial” dimension of the strife, or to be exact, the ultimate conquest of the Caucasus, even if it would mean the extermination of the Chechen nation.

6

Польский аспект в реализации указа о бессрочных отпусках для нижних чинов Российской армии в 30–50-е годы XIX века на примере Отдельного Кавказского корпуса

70%

Lazarian S.

Acta Polono-Ruthenica

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2020

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vol. Tom 4 Nr XXV

39-52

RU

В статье рассказывается о причинах, принципах и характере реали-зации царского указа о досрочных отпусках для нижних чинов в Российской армии. Одновременно сделана попытка проследить судьбы поляков, которые оказались на Кавказе в период активного вооружённого противостояния России с неприми-римой к ней частью горских народов. Объясняются мотивы военного командова-ния, отказавшего выходцам из Царства Польского в отставке от службы, несмотря на их продолжительное пребывание в войсках и добросовестное исполнение ими служебных обязанностей. На основании выявленных документов и проведенного анализа делается вывод о том, что поляки сделались заложниками своего высокого образовательного уровня и культурного развития. Особенно это касалось нижних чинов армии, которые в России за редким исключением были грамотными, не говоря об высоком образовании. Польские дворяне и мещане, отправленные рекрутами в российскую армию на Кавказ, стали ценнейшим подарком местному командова-нию, от которого оно не собиралось отказываться.

EN

This article describes the reasons, principles and nature of the implementation of the tsar’s decree on early leave for lower ranks in the Russian army. At the same time, an attempt was made to trace the fate of Poles who found themselves in the Caucasus during the period of the active armed confrontation of Russia with various hostile mountain peoples. It explains the motives of the military command, who refused to leave the Polish Kingdom to resign from service, despite their long presence with the troops and the conscientious performance of their duties. Based on the identified documents and an analysis, it is concluded that the Poles became hostages of their high educational level and cultural development. This was especially true of the lower ranks of the army which, in Russia, with rare exceptions, were literate, not to mention having higher education. Polish nobles and bourgeoisie, sent as recruits to the Russian army in the Caucasus, became a valuable gift to the local command, which were not to be refused.

7

Польские пленники северокавказских горцев в первой половине XIX в.

70%

Клычников Ю.

Acta Polono-Ruthenica

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2019

|

vol. Tom 4 Nr XXIV

173-182

EN

The work reveals the circumstances of the appearance of the Poles in the North Caucasus and their stay in the captivity of the highlanders. The reasons for this phenomenon and the attitude of the Russian administration to the practice of the slave trade are shown. The article describes the fate of those people who were able to free themselves and find salvation in the Russian fortifications. It is suggested that, having experienced slavery, the former slaves changed their appraisal of the Russian state which, in this situation, was their protector and liberator. In the research, for the first time, the material identified in the State Archives of the Stavropol Region of the Russian Federation is introduced into scientific circulation.

8

Służby specjalne w systemie ustrojowym Armenii

70%

Fedorowicz K.

Studia Politologiczne

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2017

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vol. 43

36-59

EN

The article presents the role and place of secret services in the political system of Armenia. The following publication tries to answer the question of whether secret services are subordinate to the interests of the state. Presents complicated political conditions of Armenia and their impact on the creation and functioning of secret services. The article indicated been selected examples of interference of special services in the political life of Armenia and the cooperation of the special services of Armenia and Russia.

9

When Distrust Meets Hope: Georgian Migrant Women in Greece

70%

Zmiejewski W., Mühlfried F.

Central and Eastern European Migration Review

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2023

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vol. 12

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issue 1

245-263

EN

For many women situated in post-socialist countries, the end of communism entailed the loss of state protection and social security. This often resulted in migration, underpinned by the hope for a better future and facilitated by trust in social networks. Trust and hope are often highlighted in the social-science literature as being indispensable means for navigating migration. What this perspective lacks, however, is an eye for the detrimental effects of the work of hope and for the beneficial effects of the work of distrust. For it can be hope that relates a subject to its exploiter and/or exploitative circumstances and it can be distrust that provides an escape route and increases agency. This article considers the illusive dimension of hope and the mobilising effect of distrust by referring to the experiences of Georgian migrant women in Thessaloniki (Greece). It shows how hope occasionally emanates out of distrust and how the combination of the two allows for new perspectives of action.

10

Ingvar the Far-Travelled: between the Byzantium and Caucasus. A Maritime Approach to Discussion

70%

Böhm M.

Studia Ceranea

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2019

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vol. 9

143-155

EN

The Journey to the East of the Viking Ingvar the Far-Traveled is one of the events that fit into the history of medieval relations of the Scandinavians with the world of Byzantium. It was a fateful expedition taking place between 1036 and 1041, and to this day it is a source of many controversies and speculations of researchers. The findings of the present paper suggest that the journey did not necessarily proceed to the lands of the Saracens or Byzantium but may have been part of the game played by Constantinople with its ally Tmutarkan, which opposed Jaroslav the Wise, these events unfolding in the north-eastern waters of the Black Sea.

11

Поляки на Кавказе в отчетах III Отделения собственной Его Императорского Величества канцелярии

70%

Klychnikov Y.

Acta Polono-Ruthenica

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2020

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vol. Tom 4 Nr XXV

25-38

RU

Статья посвящена рассмотрению работы жандармов, занимавшихся выявлением нелояльно относящихся к имперской власти поляков. На примере дел, которые расследовались представителями власти, показываются различные нюансы во взаимоотношениях между официальным Петербургом и теми польскими сол-датами и офицерами, которые оказались на Кавказе в период активного вооружен-ного противостояния России с частью горских народов края. Объясняются мотивы имевшего место предубеждения к выходцам из Царства Польского. Одновременно демонстрируются примеры добросовестной службы поляков, которые находились на хорошем счету у начальства и служили примером верности присяге. Показано стремление жандармов раскрыть подлинную суть происшествий, связанных с дея-тельностью лиц, подозреваемых в симпатии к революционным идеям. В работе использованы материалы, ранее не вводившиеся в научный оборот и выявленные в центральных и региональных архивах Российской Федерации, что и обусловило применение обширных цитат в тексте исследования.

EN

This article describes the work of gendarmes involved in identifying Poles disloyal to imperial power. Based on cases that were investigated by the authorities, various nuances are shown in the relationship between officials in Petersburg and Polish soldiers and officers who were in the Caucasus during the period of active armed confrontation between Russia and various mountain peoples of the region. The motives of the prejudice towards immigrants from the Kingdom of Poland are explained. At the same time, exam-ples are shown of the good faith service of the Poles, who were in good standing with the authorities and served as an example of fidelity to an oath. The desire of the gendarmes to reveal the true essence of the incidents related to the activities of persons suspected of sym-pathy for revolutionary ideas is shown. The article uses materials that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation and identified in the central and regional archives of the Russian Federation, which led to the use of extensive citations in the text of the study.

12

Sufizm w Dagestanie

70%

Siereda N.

Studia Azjatystyczne

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2018

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issue 4

26-42

EN

The article describes the religious situation in Daghestan, one of the north-Caucasian republics of Russia, focusing especially on the Islamic mysticism – Sufism. The introduction presents the geographical and ethnical situation of the Republic. The following chapters discuss the history of Islam in Caucasus which had started in Daghestan as well as the development of mystical brotherhoods and their profiles. The role of Islam and its mystical branch in contemporary Daghestan has been depicted in the conclusion.

13

Góry Kaukaz jako wrota Orientu. Motywy orientalne w twórczości Tadeusza Łady-Zabłockiego

61%

Gadamska-Serafin R.

Góry, Literatura, Kultura

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2017

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vol. 11

111-141

EN

The East, its culture and literature were always part of the rich, erudite poetic imagination of Tadeusz Łada-Zabłocki (1811–1847), a tsarist exile to the Caucasus. He spoke Oriental languages (Georgian and Persian) and had a thorough knowledge of the Koran, a short fragment of which he even translated (probably from French). Although today we only have his poetry inspired by the Caucasian mountains, he was also no stranger to extensive travel accounts (unfortunately, his Dziennik podróży mojej do Tyflisu i z Tyflisu po różnych krajach za Kaukazem (Journal From My Journey To and From Tiflis Across Various Countries Beyond the Caucasus) and notes from his Armenian expedition were lost). An important source of inspiration for Zabłocki, encouraging him to explore the East, were the Philomaths’ translations of Oriental poetry by Jan Wiernikowski and Aleksander Chodźko, while his model of reception of the Orient were the oeuvres of Mickiewicz (primarily his Crimean and Odessa Sonnets), Byron and Thomas Moore (especially the fragment of Lalla Rookh — Paradise and the Peri). The exile brutally brought Zabłocki into contact with the real Orient, terribly dangerous and diametrically different from the one described by Western travellers. It is, therefore, not surprising, that their superficial and simplified accounts were criticised by the Polish poet and soldier. Zabłocki’s oeuvre, both pre-exile and Caucasus period works, is full of various Oriental reminiscences: from the Biblical topos of the Paradise ab Oriente, through numerous splendid images of Caucasian nature, scenes from the life of Caucasian highlanders, poetic imitation of the metre of Caucasian folk dances, apt ethnographic observations in the verses, borrowings from Oriental languages, extraordinarily sensual eastern erotic poems, to translations of texts of Caucasian cultures (Tatar, Azeri and Georgian songs). Zabłocki drew on both folk culture of Caucasian tribes, and on Eastern mythologies as well as universal culture of the Islamic world. He presents an ambivalent image of Caucasian highlanders in his poetry: sometimes they acquire traits of noble, free, valiant and indomitable individuals, typical of the Romantic idea of highlanders, on other occasions the label “Son of the East” becomes a synonym of Asian barbarity. Freed from the service in the tsarist army, Zabłocki planned travels across nearby Persia, Asia Minor, and even Arabia, Nubia and Palestine. However, the plans never became a reality, owing to a lack of funds and the poet’s early death of cholera. Zabłocki’s “Eastern” oeuvre fully reveals the “liminal”, demarcational nature of the Caucasian mountains, for centuries constituting the limes between Europe and Asia, the East and the West, a meeting place of the Christian and the Muslim Orients.

14

The analysis of the discoid braid ornament from Andreyevskaya Shhel (Anapa, Russia) (10th century)

61%

Lezsák G. M., Novichikhin A., Gáll E.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2018

|

vol. LIII

15

The 1944 Deportation in Russian‑language Chechen and Ingush literature. Introduction to Research on Memory and Oblivion in Fiction and Non‑fiction

61%

Kula J.

Slavia Orientalis

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2021

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vol. LXX

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issue 3

16

The Russian Federation’s neo-imperial expansionist strategy for the Post-Soviet region discussed using the example of the Russo-Georgian conflict of 2008

61%

Orzechowski M.

Reality of Politics

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2018

|

issue 9

30-43

EN

The subject of this article is the analysis of the conflict between the Russian Federation and Georgia in 2008. The conflict has opened a new stage in Russia’s strategic drive to make decisions and implement them in areas recognized as important for the security of the country, even if they are outside its borders. The Georgian case clearly indicated that Russia wants to maintain its dominant position in the entire post-Soviet area. The region of the Caucasus remains an extremely important area for Russia, where it wants to maintain strategic control. The author proves in his article that the main determinants influencing the policy of the Russian Federation in the Caucasus region are: maintaining the greatest possible impact on the internal situation of the countries of the region, the maximum hindering possible integration with the Euro-Atlantic structures, the largest economic dependence on Russia, taking control over key sectors of the economy, maintaining military presence, isolation of the North Caucasus from Georgia, maintaining a monopoly on energy supplies, interest in Azeri mineral resources, striving to take over control of natural gas transport. The Russian-Georgian conflict of 2008 was one of the elements of Russia’s demonstration of the consequences of maintaining its dominant position in the post-Soviet area. The sphere of influence extends not only to Eastern Europe but also to the socalled Putin’s doctrine extends, in fact, to the entire area of the former USSR.

17

The Bible, the Boundaries and the Christian Missionary Initiatives in the Caucasus During the Nineteenth Century: General Remarks

61%

Rzepka M.

Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia

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2016

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vol. 8

EN

The article presents the main missionary organizations both Protestant and Orthodox working in the Caucasus in the nineteenth century. By presenting them in a rather general and brief form, the article is intended to emphasize the importance of the Bible translations in the missionary projects. The Bible itself constitutes a text which influences the missionary approach, as well as the cultural and social practices of the people to whom the Bible and its translation is addressed. The main assumption of the text is, however, that the changing attitudes to the Bible among the Christians living in the Caucasus were related to the appearance of the Protestants and their understanding of the Holy Book.

18

Kultura gruzińska a europejska - z historii wzajemnych oddziaływań

61%

Furier A.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2010

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issue 1-2

119-139

PL

The article attempts to present selected elements of the complex interactions on the Georgian-European axis since the ancient times to the present day. Georgia’s location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia made western and eastern influences collide there, in all areas of social life-from politics, to material and spiritual culture. The development of Georgian culture has always been closely linked to political developments, and in some sense forced to adapt itself in this field. The first period of encounter between Georgian and European culture took place in ancient times. Mutual contacts were then sporadic in nature and were limited to selected sites, such as Greek factories on the Georgian coast of the Black Sea. In the Middle Ages the number of contacts increased and their nature changed. They reached all corners of Georgia, as well as its rulers, and did not concern trade only. Georgian thinkers participated in the exchange of intellectual property, co-creating philosophy, social and religious thought. What is more, with the unification of Georgian territories by the native dynasty of Bagrationi, the number of political contacts also multiplied. The history of the dynasty is inextricably bound with that of Georgia. They began their rule in the early 9th century, as presiding princes in the historic southwestern Georgia and the adjacent Georgian marchlands reconquered from Arabs. Subsequently, in 888, they restored the Georgian kingdom, which prospered from the 11th to the 13th century, bringing several regional polities under its control. This period of time, particularly the reign of David IV (1089–1125) and his great granddaughter Tamar (1184–1213), is celebrated as a “golden age” in the history of Georgia, the era of imperial grandeur, military exploits, and remarkable achievements in culture. Georgian rulers tried to use contacts with the Crusaders to achieve its political objectives. The reign of David IV and the Battle of Didgori in 1121, discussed in the article, may serve as an example here. After the fragmentation of their unified feudal state in the late 15th century, the branches of the Bagrationi house ruled the three breakaway Georgian kingdoms-Kartli, Kakheti, and Imereti-until the Russian annexation in the early 19th century. In the next period of the Georgian feudal monarchy, the nature of the country’s contacts with Europe underwent another change. This was due to the increased interest in the region from the most powerful states in contemporary Europe-Poland and France. There the Georgians sought allies to fight in Turkey, using Catholic missionaries. Although not able to execute those plans, the journeys of missionaries resulted in many descriptions of the Caucasus, which enriched the knowledge of Europeans of this peripheral region of the continent. A fundamental change in the situation occurred with the acquisition of Georgia through Russia, an intermediary in contacts with Europe. This allowed to eliminate the 19th century pressure of the predatory neighbors from the south. Russification policy the Georgians were subjected to suppressed their own national revival, whose authors were educated in the schools represented by the new elite. Politically, their actions resulted in the 20th century revival of the Georgian state. In all periods of Georgia’s history, western and eastern influences clashed, with the former dominating at first, yet over time the importance of the latter grew. Georgian openness to European cultural models encountered many obstacles that hindered their assimilation. The most important difference here was the custom and traditions, and a pace of development much slower than in Europe. To Georgians, acquisition of western models has a meaning as part of the modernization of their country. Hence the interest in Europe has reached the largest dimensions at the beginning of the 20th century, when Georgian elites had their own state of ore mining. In Europe, there were the then world’s political and economic centers. After World War II, the situation has changed and the United States of America began to display a greater interest in the Georgia. This led to the 1991 Soviet Union’s wider exposure to cultural patterns there. On April 9, 1991, shortly before the collapse of the USSR, Georgia declared independence. On May 26, 1991, Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected as the first President of independent Georgia. Gamsakhurdia stoked Georgian nationalism and vowed to assert Tbilisi’s authority over regions such as Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which had been classified as autonomous oblasts under the Soviet Union. However, this is a topic for a separate article.

19

Die finanziellen Abrechnungen in den persisch-römischen Kriegen in den Zeiten der Sasaniden

61%

MAKSYMIUK K.

Historia i Świat

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2016

|

issue 5

149-157

EN

Research of the Irano-Roman relations seems dominated by teh military perspective. This situation is cause by the very nature of the sources which mention both states mostly in light of the warfare waged between them. Equally fascinating are the diplomatic relations between Rome and Iran. One of the most interesting aspects of non-military relations are financial flows between both states. According to John Lydos, king Yazgerd was to offer emperor Theodosius II (408-450) building together a fortress which was to block the passage through Caucasus. At the same time the king demanded from the emperor participation in the costs of the defense of the fortress. The problem of the reconciliation of the payments for defending of the Caucasian frontier became the grudge between the states making the rectification of the relationships even more difficult. The key problem seems to determine the peace negotiations which initiated Iranian claim towards the Empire. The second problem might be the motives which drove Iranian monarchs in their financial claims towards the emperors.

20

Azerbejdżańskie wsparcie narodu czeczeńskiego na przykładzie pierwszej i drugiej wojny czeczeńskiej

51%

Pietrasik K.

Studia Orientalne

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2020

|

issue 1(17)

44-56

RU

Текст показывает, как выглядела помощь Азербайджана для Чечни и Чеченцев во время первой и второй чеченских войн. Автор провёл анализ различных источников. На их основе определено, что поддержка Азербайджана для Чечни и Чеченцев в 90-х годах ХХ века была разной, изменчивой и не очень долгосрочной.

EN

In this article, the autor shows the level of Azerbaijan’s support for Chechnya and Chechens during the first and second Chechen wars. The author analyzed the body of literature and the body of literature sources, which provided the answer that Azerbaijan’s support for Chechnya and Chechens in the 1990’s was very varied and did not last for long.

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Odrębność narodowościowa i etniczna Kaukazu w warunkach współczesnej unifikacji i dywersyfikacji świata

Spatial analysis of ethnopolitical mobilisation in the Caucasus in the 1980s and 1990s

Musta mere ranniku eesti asunikud malaaria meelevallas

Kilka uwag do przypisów i komentarzy w opracowaniach książki Mateusza Gralewskiego „Kaukaz. Wspomnienia z dwunastoletniej niewoli” i Karola Kalinowskiego „Pamiętnik mojej żołnierki na Kaukazie i niewoli u Szamila. Od roku 1844 do 1854”

The Genocide of Chechens in the Context of Russian-Chechen Conflict – a Historical Outline

Польский аспект в реализации указа о бессрочных отпусках для нижних чинов Российской армии в 30–50-е годы XIX века на примере Отдельного Кавказского корпуса

Польские пленники северокавказских горцев в первой половине XIX в.

Służby specjalne w systemie ustrojowym Armenii

When Distrust Meets Hope: Georgian Migrant Women in Greece

Ingvar the Far-Travelled: between the Byzantium and Caucasus. A Maritime Approach to Discussion

Поляки на Кавказе в отчетах III Отделения собственной Его Императорского Величества канцелярии

Sufizm w Dagestanie

Góry Kaukaz jako wrota Orientu. Motywy orientalne w twórczości Tadeusza Łady-Zabłockiego

The analysis of the discoid braid ornament from Andreyevskaya Shhel (Anapa, Russia) (10th century)

The 1944 Deportation in Russian‑language Chechen and Ingush literature. Introduction to Research on Memory and Oblivion in Fiction and Non‑fiction

The Russian Federation’s neo-imperial expansionist strategy for the Post-Soviet region discussed using the example of the Russo-Georgian conflict of 2008

The Bible, the Boundaries and the Christian Missionary Initiatives in the Caucasus During the Nineteenth Century: General Remarks

Kultura gruzińska a europejska - z historii wzajemnych oddziaływań

Die finanziellen Abrechnungen in den persisch-römischen Kriegen in den Zeiten der Sasaniden

Azerbejdżańskie wsparcie narodu czeczeńskiego na przykładzie pierwszej i drugiej wojny czeczeńskiej