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Islam i inne religie w Czadzie

100%
Moszumański P.
Forum Politologiczne
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2006
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vol. 4 - Islam we współczesnej Afryce
167-182
EN
Chad is a country located on the border of the three great religions of the world - Islam, Christianity and traditional religions, also known as the animism. All of them have played some significant role in the history of that country, firstly involved in the beginnings of the empires of Sahel, notorious process of slave raids, subsequently associated with colonization and growing European interests in Africa, the 20th century's civil war and finally connected to the vanguard of the „war on terror". The article presents the history of the three religions in Chad and their influence on politics and society. For several hundred years Islamic domination over the followers of the other religions has caused frictions and contention. The religious differences have indirectly been responsible for the 25-year long conflict, followed by thousands of casualties. In the final part of the article the author depicts the contemporary state of inter-religious affairs and attitude of the government towards the religious issues. Due to some joint attempts of the government of Chad and international society, the religious differences and flashpoints are believed not to pose such a threat to peace and stability as it had been before. Despite of its unfortunate location in the „clash of civilization" region, Chad may set a good example that the peaceful co-existence of Islam and Christianity is possible.
2
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Zmienność sojuszy: meandry politycznych elit czadyjskich

100%
Różański J.
Forum Politologiczne
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2009
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vol. 9 - Ugrupowania polityczne i ruchy społeczne w Afryce
11-41
EN
At the outset the author shows the geographical and cultural background the country. Then he describes its creation and the most significant events of the independent state. In the presentation the author emphasizes that there are many opposing views on causes and the course of the civil strife in Chad from the first years of its independence. He summarises the most common explanations and points out that they are often based on stereotypes and subjective selected facts from the History of the country. He states that in these explanations there is much truth but they have to be taken into account in their totality and not on a selective basis. The author emphasizes the role played by France in creating colonial and independent Chad and continues to be involved by many armed interventions. He points to the changeable politics of Sudan and Libya towards the republic of Chad and also to the financial and other involvement of the USA and even Israel. He also discusses the role of „social class" and „professional classes" in the conflict, the role of Marxist ideology, cultural role of traditional communities and their segmentation. He underlines that these last ones from their nature have a limited role in the creation of state structures in the European sense. He explains many complicated interpersonal relations in the internal politics of Chad. Finally he puts the question as to whether this state is capable of existing and shows admiration for the many small local structures which allows the local people to survive.
3
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Kościół katolicki w Czadzie wobec problemów gospodarczych, społecznych i politycznych kraju

80%
Różański J.
Forum Politologiczne
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2011
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vol. 12 - Problemy bogactwa i biedy we współczesnej Afryce
469-489
EN
The Catholic Church in Chad is a young community, including about 8% of the population. However from the beginning of missionary activity it has had a large input into help with development and defence of human rights. Help in development is concentrated on agriculture, since the majority of the population relies on agriculture. From 1964 missionaries have created many centres for professional training of farmers, mainly in the south of the country. A large role in the development of the countryside has been played by on the spot meetings, courses and training. One of the important elements of training has always been management and use of money. In every diocese in Chad there are diocesan health committees. The work of the church in this area includes running of hospitals, clinics and also training on a large scale (e.g. hygiene, building of latrines, access to drinking water, variation of diet, cleanliness in the home and immunisation programmes for children and adults). In some missionary centres efforts have been made to take advantage of achievements in traditional medicine. Emphasis has been also put on AIDS prevention and healing the sick. Beginning with local initiatives of help with development, covering various aspects of economic life, these have, with time, developed diocesan structures, countrywide and even linking into international organisations. Currently the work in Chad is overseen by the National Union of Diocesan Associations for Aid and Development (Union Nationale des Associations Diocesaines de Secours et de Developpement - UNAD). A particularly varied and rich activity is being lead by the Chad organisation for Catholic Aid and Development (SECADEV). It was created in 1980 in the diocese of Ndjamena to help refugees. The organisation employs 200 people and co-operates with 1000 village organisations. The Bishops in Chad often took part in issues relating to the war and lack of democracy and also tribalism and corruption. The views of the episcopate, expressed in pastoral letters, were also demonstrated in actual activities at national level and in individual regions or missions, mainly thanks to local and countrywide committees Iustitia et Pax. These committees also cooperated on issues associated with human rights with other local and international organisations.
4
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REGIME SECURITY IN CHAD. HOW THE WESTERN WAR ON TERROR SAVED THE CHADIAN DICTATORIAL REGIME

70%
Hansen K. F.
Ante Portas – Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem
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2017
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vol. 2(9) Security Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa
55-69
EN
This article discusses how the western war on terror contributed to save the president Déby and his regime in Chad. After a brief look at central security issues in Chad around the 2008 coup d’Etat attempt, the article gives a particular focus to the last few years. The article describes and discusses how President Déby is manoeuvring in the war-against-terror landscape in the Sahel region. International military cooperation and participation is discussed in relation both to fighting terror and to regime survival. Towards the end, the article looks at more domestic safety oriented approaches to regime survival.
5
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Wojna toyot w dyplomacji polskiej 1986 – 1987

41%
Banaś K.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
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2017
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vol. 55
165-180
EN
Chad has been a theatre of civil war since as soon as 1965. Initially, rebel groups united under the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) aimed to overthrow the then president in office, François Tombalbaye, yet when it happened in 1975, the situation remained unchanged. Leaders of each rebel group differed in their opinions, which, together with intervention of France, USA, Libya and neighboring countries, brought the escalation of hostilities. In the 1980s, Chad became an area of conflicting French and Libyan influences. Both countries made every effort to support politicians in their favor. The former metropolis aimed to uphold the power of Hissène Habré, while Libya supported Goukouni Oueddei. This rivalry finally led to the, so called, Toyota War, which was the final phase of Chadian conflict. These events, despite having no importance for Warsaw, were carefully monitored by Polish diplomats, whose broad knowledge and apt remarks concerning the topic may be surprising. Numerous documents they were sending to Warsaw constitute a detailed account of Toyota War and complicated relations that affected it.
PL
Czad był areną wojny domowej już od 1965 r. Początkowo rebelianckie ugrupowania zrzeszone w Froncie Wyzwolenia Narodowego Czadu (FROLINAT) dążyły do obalenia urzędującego prezydenta François Tombalbaye. Sytuacja jednak nie uległa zmianie, kiedy to został on obalony w 1975 r. Różnice zapatrywań poszczególnych liderów rebeliantów oraz ingerencja Francji, USA, Libii czy państw ościennych spowodowała eskalację działań wojennych. W latach 80. Czad stał się obszarem starcia wpływów francuskich oraz libijskich. Państwa te wspierały na wszelki możliwy sposób polityków im uległych. Dawna metropolia dążyła do zachowania przy władzy Hissèna Habré, z kolei Libia wspierała Goukouniego Oueddei. Rywalizacja ta doprowadziła do tzw. wojny toyot, która była ostatnią fazą konfliktu czadyjskiego. Działania te, choć nieistotne z punktu widzenia Warszawy, były śledzone z uwagą przez polskich dyplomatów. Zaskakująca jest ich duża wiedza oraz trafność spostrzeżeń i uwag, jakie czynili. Z licznych pism nadsyłanych do Warszawy wyłania się szczegółowy obraz wojny toyot oraz skomplikowanych stosunków, jakie miały na nią wpływ.
6
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Czy nastąpi podział Republiki Środkowoafrykańskiej?

31%
Cywa I.
Afryka
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2015
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issue 41
81-98
EN
Despite being a mineral-rich country, in 2012 the Central African Republic (CAR) was ranked 10th in the Fragile (formerly Failed) States Index according to Fund for Peace. The history of this country has been turbulent. Regular rebellions and disastrous state economic policies have led to economic, political and social collapses in the CAR. The most recent rebellion, conducted by Michel Djotodia and Séléka’s rebel coalition was different than previous coups, supported financially and military by France and Chad. The rebellion has had several stages and lead to the CAR being accused of cannibalism, religious war and genocide. Its conclusion is meant to be a division of the CAR into the supposedly Muslim and Christian parts, even though it does not reflect the country’s actual religious divide; the majority of the CAR’s mineral resources, however, are located in what would be the Muslim part. The article describes the events that took place between December 2012 and May 2014, which formed the basis of false accusations of genocide, religious war and cannibalism in the CAR. The article points towards the Séléka organisation, which from December 2012 has been carrying out its plan to decimate and mentally and financially impoverish the Central Africans, leading to the country’s division. The article analyses two military organisations that have been fighting each other since December 2013, describing their military aims, the course of fighting and the results of their military actions. The text presents both the consequences of aid given to the CAR by France and Chad, and their hidden agenda.
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