Search results

1

Thermal Conditions Relative to Atmospheric Circulation in the Christmas Period in Poland

100%

Tomczyk A. M.

Quaestiones Geographicae

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2016

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vol. 35

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issue 1

47-56

EN

The main objective of this article was to determine thermal conditions in the Christmas period and the impact of atmospheric circulation on their formation. The article is based on data on the mean daily air temperature for 16 stations in Poland for the 1966-2014 multiannual period. In this period, no statistically significant changes of air temperature were observed, neither in December, nor the Christmas period. The occurrence of averagely warmer holidays was associated with the inflow of maritime polar air masses from the western sector, while colder holidays occurred with the inflow of continental polar air masses from the eastern sector.

2

Wymarzony prezent pod choinkę. O zabawkach świątecznych w literaturze i czasopismach adresowanych do dzieci II połowy XIX i początku XX wieku

100%

Kabacińska-Łuczak K., Nawrot-Borowska M.

Studia Edukacyjne

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2018

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issue 49

77-105

EN

Timeless attributes of children’s games, i.e. toys, have been made the subject of research. The authors focus on the toys received by children from Polish families during Christmas. The aim of these analyses is therefore to characterise Christmas children’s toys presented in two types of sources intentionally addressed to children: children’s literature and press. The research covers the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the following century. The article in its subject matter refers to the Authors’ earlier research on Christmas toys and is in line with the ever developing trend of research on toys from the historical and pedagogical perspective.

3

Świat ptaków w staropolskich kolędach i pastorałkach (na materiale Kantyczek karmelitańskich z XVII i XVIII wieku)

100%

Borejszo M.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

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2011

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vol. 18

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issue 1

89-106

PL

The article discusses the image of birds as documented in Kantyczki karmelitańskie [Carmelite canticles] from the 17th and the 18th centuries published by Barbara Krzyżaniak in 1980. Birds are to be found in more than 30 lyrics of Christmas carols (for the total number of 357 contained in the set under scrutiny). These include mainly domestic birds, very well-known both to the authors of the canticles and to the recipients and users of Polish Christmas carols and Christmas festivity songs. In total, about 60 species of birds are specified, including two exotic birds (the canary and the parrot). The bird’s realm was used in Christmas carols for different purposes, e.g. in the descriptions of the Bethlehem shed that is inhabited by petty birds, mentioned on account of the enumeration of gifts given to Jesus by shepherds, in accounts of the Flight to Egypt by the Holy Family, and in descriptions of the joy of the whole of the world of nature at the birth of the Saviour. It is worth noting that creators of Christmas carols did not limit themselves to just mentioning names of particular species of birds, but also provide a description of characteristics, sometimes a detailed one, such as the appearance and behaviour of its particular representatives. The carols include, for example, information on the habitat of birds, type and colouring of the plumage, common sounds made by various birds, staple food of birds, the shape of the beak and the size of the gullet. The birds pictured in the Christmas carols were either members of a village band up in the air (some sort of flying band), joyfully proclaiming Good News to the world (a motif often made used of in old-Polish Christmas carols and festive songs), or gathered at the manger to perform menial services and functions in real word reserved only for humans. Birds take on typically human behaviour, show human dispositions and fancies, customs and habits (e.g. wine or beer drinking in the nuptials).

4

The Religious Carol in Transylvania –Function and Symbol

100%

Streza D. A.

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2016

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vol. 8

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issue 1

76-84

EN

In the context of Romanian folkloric tradition, the carol represents one of the oldest cultural elements. The first part of this article defines the genre and functions of the Romanian carol, and explains that its basic function is the conveyance of wishes, referring to all aspects of the social and personal life of the recipient. As far as the nature of the carol is concerned, the second part of the article reveals some characteristics of the sense and symbol of the religious carol, concluding that carols are part of those traditional texts and melodies that can be called Eucharistic chants. Their preservation and practice in different areas of the country highlight their worth, as they essentially represent liturgical echoes arising from the ethnogenesis of the Romanian nation.

5

"Boże narodzenie" jako punkt odniesienia do pracy międzyprzedmiotowej uczniów na zajęciach językowych – propozycje studentów kierunku pedagogiczno-językowego

88%

Krawiec M.

Acta Neophilologica

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2019

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vol. XXI/2

7-20

EN

The author of this article demonstrates that Christmas, due to its multidimen-sional character, can be the basis for cross-curricular work of foreign language learners. By analyzing examples of cross-curricular activities suggested by university students who specialize in pedagogy and language, he argues that Christmas can be an adequate topic for the introduction of cross-curricular content in a foreign language class and for the development of different learners’ skills both at the primary and secondary levels. On the basis of the material collected from university students, he draws a conclusion that information from various school subjects can be integrated around Christmas within the monodisciplinary model which has been suggested in scholarly literature and which is discussed together with other models in the theoretical part of this article.

6

,,OH, JOSEPH!” ,,WHAT DO YE WANT?” ‘OLD’ JOSEPH IN TRADITIONAL POLISH CAROLS AND PASTORAL SONGS. THE ORDINARY SAINT

88%

Komendzińska A.

Forum Teologiczne

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2017

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vol. 18

61-74

EN

St Joseph, the husband of Mary and guardian of Jesus, is silent in all of the four gospels. In spite of, or perhaps due to this fact, his veneration has been largely inspired by apocryphal imagery and folk piety. The article portrays St Joseph as a character in old carols, pastoral songs and pastoral plays and addresses the problem of roles performed by St Joseph at the manger. The author poses the question whether Joseph is a good-natured old man or an ideal of masculinity, a man who submits himself to God’s plans. She also explores Christmas songs where Joseph is not merely a stock character. The paper is enriched by numerous quotations from the collection Kantyczki karmelitańskie [The Carmelite Canticles] and anthology Staropolskie pastorałki dramatyczne [Old Polish pastoral plays] edited by Jan Okoń. Last but not least, the author makes use of the hitherto unpublished and unedited music manuscripts held at the Diocese Library in Sandomierz, believing that an analysis of Christmas songs should always incorporate their musical features.

7

From festival to social communion: a Nigerian experience

88%

Duke E. O., Osim S. E.

Przestrzeń Społeczna

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2020

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vol. 1

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issue 1/2020 (19)

53-69

EN

Festival is a performative dimension of cultural praxis that strengthens bonds of cohesion in society. Festivals are also an integral part of religious praxis. They have the potentiality of bringing its adherents and non-adherents together thus creating and sustaining social communion among them. This reality of sustaining social communion confirms an important function of religion in society with particular reference to its social integrative effects. Therefore, this article assesses how religious festival, Christmas, fosters social integration among Igbos in Nigeria. On a related note, many Igbos, see Christmas festival as unique occasion for them to visit their communities; attend meetings of their associations and/or town unions and consolidate family ties. These are opportunities for building social integrations, otherwise denoted as social communion in this research. This work makes use of critical analysis of relevant texts and questionnaire survey methods as means of gathering materials and data for this research. In view of understanding how Christmas festival aids social communion among the Igbo ethnic group, the theories of structural functionalism, social capital and social integration are being utilised as theoretical frameworks for this study. Finally, this study avers that religious festival cements social communion between the Igbos in Calabar Metropolis and their ancestral communities.

8

Konstytucyjność bożonarodzeniowej symboliki w przestrzeni publicznej w świetle orzecznictwa sądów Stanów Zjednoczonych

88%

Maroń G.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2018

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issue 3(146)

123–141

EN

The article deals with the issue of legality of displaying Christmas symbols, in particular creche, on public property. The problem is considered in the context of the constitutional freedom of speech and the Establishment Clause in the U.S. legal order. In the case law it is assumed that a presentation of creche in public space is constitutional, provided that the Nativity scene is a part of a display also featuring secular holiday symbols, such as Santa Claus, reindeer, snowman or Christmas tree. According to the author, the so-called “plastic reindeer rule” trivializes religion and reduces creche to a fairy-tale ornamentation. The author is of the opinion that public authorities can constitutionally use an “unsecularised” symbol of creche to show historical, religious origin of Christmas.

9

Рождество и Крещение как символы поэтического творчества: евангельские мотивы в поэзии русского метареализма

76%

Severskaâ O.

Stylistyka

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2020

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vol. 29

329-343

EN

Christmas and Baptism as symbols of poetic creativity: Evangelical motifs in the poetry of Russian metarealism and the 21st centuries. The author considers the “Epiphany” and “Christmas” images in the lyrics of Yevgeny Daenin, Ivan Zhdanov, Alexei Parshikov, Sergey Solovyov, correlating them both with the text of the Holy Scripture and with the poetic tradition of “Christmas verses” of the 19th century and two boundary periods (the 19th-20th and the 20th-21st centuries), in which the search for the “painful and unsteady” image of God is manifested with a particular force. Traditionally, in poetry there is an intimization of Christmas and Epiphany: so, these events are not perceived as being external, but as internal, occurring in a person’s soul. This is true of all Russian contemporary poetry. And metarealism is no exception. The article sequentially explores (using the hermeneutic method, semantic, intertextual and content analysis) verbal images and motifs associated with Baptism, Epiphany and Christmas. In the interpretation of the evangelical stories, metarealists proceed from the ideas of the divine Word-Logos, embodied in words. Baptism and Epiphany are associated with the Word’s Appearance to the People, their baptism in the Speech as a River, which at the same time becomes synonymous with Christmas and Nativity, the birth of the “mortal” word and the beginning of its Way of the Cross. Poetry is perceived by metarealists as climbing Golgotha, “the crucifix of the throat”. The poet has three hypostases in their texts: the “wise Thief” who ascends to “paradise” by God’s will, but is capable of performing the sacrament of baptism with the “verb fire”; “Carpenter”, “Joseph”, stepfather of the “God-born baby”-text; builder, governor of Heavenly Jerusalem and leader of the “Heavenly Host” of words. Analyzing the concept of Speech as a “Homing,” the author comes to the conclusion that metarealists are not so much engaged in “God-seeking” as they are developing M. Heidegger’s theory of language as a “house of being” and of existing and being.

10

Merry Christmas – Wystawa w Bibliotece Uniwersyteckiej KUL. 18 grudnia 2019 – 2 lutego 2020

75%

Wasilewska J., Szponar A.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

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2020

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vol. 113

547-552

11

Wigilijne sacrum – między religią a magią

75%

Zimny D.

Facta Ficta. Journal of Theory, Narrative & Media

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2019

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vol. 3

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issue 1

29-49

EN

In this publication Dominik Zimny is presenting the traditions and customs of the period of Christmas Eve in the area of southern Podlasie, namely the last week of December and the first week of January. During this period, depending on the religion, all living Christians experience a unique time - the time of Christmas. It has always been known that Christmas time differs substantially from ordinary time, as Christmas time was full of rituals and traditions which, apart from purely religious values, possessed both magical and worship aspects. In traditional culture, the religious context frequently accompanied the magical-worship context, creating an inseparable ceremonial whole. Christmas Eve is no exception to this rule, which demonstrates a wealth of attributes and ritual forms, concealing in their structure both religious and magical values. An example of such a ritual attribute can be one of the Christmas dishes, that is, ‘kutia’, which possessed both magical and sacred character. In the structure of the Christmas Eve rituals this dish could exist as a dish creating a new life, which was reborn on that exceptional evening. Kutia could also be a fortune-telling dish used for divination in the household, and it could replace traditional, sacramental bread, particularly in Orthodox people, where kutia is having a sacred function. A similar character is presented by many other Christmas attributes and traditions, among which the author of this publication lists: fast, hay, Christmas tree, Christmas Eve dinner with selected dishes, as well as carols and carolling. The characteristics of Christmas Eve was presented on the example of Christmas traditions of southern Podlasie, as in this region of Poland many archaic and traditional ritual forms have been preserved until the modern times. What is more, the very characteristics depicts the multiculturalism of the Polish eastern borderlands. Special attention needs to be paid to the fact that some of the Christmas traditions of southern Podlasie are so deeply rooted in the consciousness and memory of the inhabitants that over time, they became a cultural identifier of the region.

12

Dziecięce zabawki świąteczne w świetle wybranych źródeł ikonograficznych 2. połowy XIX i początku XX wieku

66%

Kabacińska-Łuczak K., Nawrot-Borowska M.

Studia Edukacyjne

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2017

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issue 46

89-112

EN

The aim of this study is the reconstruction of children’s toys received by them during the Christmas period in the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century. In its subject matter, the article refers, on the one hand, to the deliberations about Christmas toys and, on the other hand, it is part of the ever-growing trend of research on children’s toys from the historical and pedagogical perspective. The text is part of the triptych prepared by the authors on the subject of children’s Christmas toys during the period of Partitions of Poland. Selected iconographic sources – press graphics, Christmas postcards and photographs on which children’s toys can be found, comprise the source basis of this part. They are sources important for cognitive reasons, because they show the image of toys of the time, their appearance, shape, size, the way they were made, decorated, etc. They also indicate which toys were particularly popular (fashionable) and liked by children in the analysed period, and show the ways they were used.

13

Obraz pasterzy w staropolskich kolędach i pastorałkach (na materiale tzw. „Kantyczek karmelitańskich” z XVII i XVIII wieku)

63%

Borejszo M.

Slavia Occidentalis

|

2012

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issue 69

23-44

PL

The image of shepherds in old Polish Christmas carols and pastoral Christmas carols (based on the material provided by the so-called Carmelite Canticles “Kantyczki karmelitańskie” from the 17th and the 18th centuries) Summary The article discusses the images of shepherds, that have come to be identified with Christmas, as they were created in Christmas carol songs written by Polish authors through the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. The study covers 358 songs included in the so-called “Kantyczki karmelitańskie” (Carmelitan Canticles) compiled and written down in the eighteenth century (presumably from the 1720s to the end of the century) for the use of the Cracow-based Carmelite nuns. In 1980, the collection of songs was published by Barbara Krzyżaniak (see Kantyczki karmelitańskie. Rękopis z XVIII wieku, przygotowała do wydania B. Krzyżaniak, Kraków 1980, 419). A thorough analysis of the collection has made it possible to identify that a large portion of the Christmas carols that introduce the pastoral thread make up for the bulk of the manuscript under scrutiny (about 46 per cent of the texts). These are original songs, deeply embedded in Old Polish social and natural reality (with mainly pastoral and rustic setting), and thus easily reaching a wide audience of the time. The image of shepherds reconstructed on the basis of the works in the collection includes such elements as: 1) Christian names, surnames (patronymics), and nicknames of shepherds (in all, more than 140 anthroponyms, included in the appendix); 2) characteristic physical and psychological features attributed to particular members of the community of shepherds; 3) the set of social rules governing the relations within the group; 4) particular distinctive and characteristic elements of represented world in which the community operated (e.g. shepherd’s attires, home utensils and equipment to be used for agricultural production, food and dairy products, farm animals and musical instruments). The author claims that the informative nature of the texts clearly indicates that the image of shepherds preserved in Christmas carols had been succumbed to a far-reaching Polonisation process. The settings for the Christmas carol songs were thus purposefully and consistently embedded in Polish local and authentic reality, which undoubtedly gave them mass appeal to people across a wide spectrum of social sectors. Keywords: literature, the Enlightenment, religious lyric poetry, song, Christmas carol, pastoral Christmas carol, religion, Christmas

14

Okołoplebiscytowa Kolęda śląska Henryka Zbierzchowskiego jako przykład propagandowego wykorzystania semantyki kolęd do walki propolskiej w okresie konstytuowania się granic II Rzeczypospolitej

63%

Albiniak A., Albiniak CSDP E. M.

Studia Teologiczno-Historyczne Śląska Opolskiego

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2021

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vol. 41

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issue 2

169-189

EN

In connection with the actions of the Great War and Poland’s regaining of independence, a series of updated carols was created, leading to the development of this species variety. The development of this form of artistic expression was also used in connection with the preparations for the plebiscite. The project was carried out in the Upper Silesian Voivodship. An example is the Silesian carol by Henryk Zbierzchowski published in “Szczutek” in Lviv in January 1921. It was introduced to the text of the Korfanty carol and thus assigned a sacred role of putting Silesia in order. It was not the only text of the carol updated by the same author because around 1919 he published a whole collection of such works, calling them “poetic variants” of carols.

PL

W związku z działaniami Wielkiej Wojny i odzyskaniem przez Polskę niepodległości, powstała seria kolęd aktualizowanych. Rozwój tej formy wyrazu artystycznego wykorzystano również w związku z przygotowaniami do plebiscytu górnośląskiego. Przykładem jest Kolęda śląska Henryka Zbierzchowskiego, opublikowana na łamach lwowskiego czasopisma „Szczutek” w styczniu 1921 r. Poprzez wprowadzenie Wojciecha Korfantego do tekstu kolędy jej autor przypisał mu w ten sposób wręcz sakralną rolę w porządkowaniu Śląska. Nie był to jedyny tekst kolędy aktualizowanej przez tego autora. Około 1919 r. wydał on cały zbiorek tego typu utworów, nazywając je mianem „wariantów poetyckich” kolęd.

15

Marsjański kalendarz liturgiczny

62%

Karocki P.

Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny

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2015

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vol. 68

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issue 4

EN

This article presents problems related to creating liturgical calendar for Mars colonists, assumed to land on Mars (accordingly to Mars One Project) in year 2024. It consist of five parts: why to colonize space; brief history of Earth calendar; deep correlation of liturgical calendar (e.g. fests) with astronomical events; last two parts present idea of civil Martian calendar and list difficulties related to extraterrestrial liturgical calendar.

PL

Artykuł ten pokazuje problemy związane z tworzeniem liturgicznego kalendarza dla kolonistów Marsa, którzy (zgodnie z projektem Mars One) mają na Marsie wylądować w 2026 roku. Część pierwsza uzasadnia zakładanie siedzib ludzkich poza Ziemią. Druga skrótowo zakreśla historię tworzenia ziemskiego kalendarza, trzecia pokazuje ścisłą zależność kalendarza liturgicznego od środowiska ziemskiego. W dwu kolejnych częściach zaprezentowano ideę cywilnego kalendarza marsjańskiego oraz zestawienie problemów związanych z kalendarzem liturgicznym dostosowanym do warunków pozaziemskich.

16

Jezus Chrystus w Kolędzie i Pasterce Jerzego Lieberta

51%

Jabłoński R. M.

Filologia Polska. Roczniki Naukowe Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego

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2015

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vol. 1

105-114

EN

Jerzy Liebert (1904-1931) is an outstanding representative of Polish catholic poetry. In his Carol and Christmas Eve Mass he uses Christmas motifs. The analysis of Carol brings a discovery of texts’ two layers. The first one is the picture of Mother who cares for her Child – this layer is easy to notice. The second one, an announcement of Jesus passion and death, is only indicated by certain poetic words, e.g. allusions to Jan Kochanowski’s Laments [Treny]. Disclosure of this layer is a kind of a hipothesis. Christmas Eve Mass is a lyric poem, in which the poet describes joy (especially of plants and animals) caused by the Saviour’s birth. In worrisome and paradoxical puenta a picture of sad Christ appears. His presence should evoke a deep religious experience and encourage reflections on values connected with Christmas.

PL

Jerzy Liebert (1904-1931) to wybitny przedstawiciel polskiej poezji katolickiej. W Kolędzie i Pasterce wykorzystuje motywy bożonarodzeniowe. Analiza Kolędy zmierza do odkrycia dwóch warstw tekstu. Pierwsza to ukazanie Matki opiekującej się Dzieciątkiem – jest ona łatwa do uchwycenia. Druga, zapowiedź męki i śmierci Jezusa, jest tylko sygnalizowana za pomocą różnych zabiegów poetyckich, np. nawiązań do Trenów Jana Kochanowskiego – odkrycie tej warstwy to swoista hipoteza. Pasterka to liryk, w którym poeta opisuje radość (przede wszystkim roślin i zwierząt) wywołaną narodzinami Zbawiciela. W niepokojącej, paradoksalnej puencie pojawia się obraz smutnego Chrystusa. Ma on wywołać głębokie przeżycie religijne odbiorcy – nakłonić go do refleksji nad wartościami związanymi ze świętami Bożego Narodzenia.

17

Czeskie Vánoce ‘Boże Narodzenie’ w perspektywie etnolingwistycznej (czeskie wartości i słowa klucze)

51%

Vanková I.

Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury

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2015

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vol. 27

EN

The paper introduces a pilot study from ongoing ethnolinguistic research into the Czech concept of VÁNOCE ‘Christmas’. It is placed in the context of the theory of cultural key words referring to the author’s previous studies on the concepts of DOMOV ‘home, homeland’ and POHODA ‘well-being, comfort, rest, peace’. In the paper, the meaning of the concept of VÁNOCE is summarized in accordance with Czech monolingual dictionaries, the rituals and scenarios associated with the Christmas Eve are described using empirical research data, analysed are social discussions of Christmas (esp. of the baby Jesus) as well as examples of the conceptualization of Christmas in popular songs. The paper also includes several remarks on the Christmas stereotype in Czech sign language.

PL

Artykuł jest pilotażową próba etnolingwistycznego opisu czeskiego pojęcia VÁNOCE ‘Boże Narodzenie’. Zostaje ono umieszczone w kontekście innych słów kluczy, z odwołaniem do wcześniejszych badań autorki dotyczących pojęć DOMOV ‘dom, ojczyzna’ i POHODA ‘wygoda, komfort, odpoczynek, spokój’. W niniejszej pracy pojęcie to jest opisane zgodnie z definicjami w jednojęzycznych słownikach języka czeskiego; uwzględniono także, na podstawie danych empirycznych, rytuały i scenariusze zachowań związane z Wigilią Bożego Narodzenia; poddano analizie dyskusje społeczne na temat świat (zwłaszcza dotyczące postaci dzieciatka Jezus) oraz przykłady konceptualizacji Bożego Narodzenia w popularnych piosenkach. Artykuł zamykają wstępne uwagi na temat stereotypu świat w czeskim języku migowym.

18

Wertep

51%

Jurkowski H.

Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe

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2015

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issue 1

99-108

RU

Вертепы относятся к виду религиозных представлений, существующих как в церковных ритуалах, так и в народной культуре. Они появились вместе с другими мистериями (мистериальными представлениями), взяв за основу евангельские иконографические сюжеты Евангелия, такие как «Ясли Иисуса» в Византии или более поздние сценки Рождества младенца Христа, лучшей из них было представление Франциска Асизского 1223 года. Со временем появились местные, кукольные сценки Рождества Христова в 3ападной Европе (Navidad, Nativite), a также подобные им представления в Средней Европе. Они создавались по единой церковной модели либо, как «tabernaсиІит» либо, как маленький алтарь, называемый «retablo>. B Средней Европе эти представления получили названия жлобек («ясли») и шопка, а в Восточной - вертеп. Тема «Рождества» включала в себя сцены: поклонение волхвов, поклонение Трех Царей, а также избиение младенцев и наказание Ирода. Со временем появились в нем светские мотивы, представляющие актуальные проблемы жизни простых людей. Представлениями «Рождества» заинтересовались художники (артисты) эпохи модернизма, которые дали им свою собственную художественную интерпретацию. Вертеп как разновидность «Рождества» обладает собственными чертами и является самостоятельным творением украинской культуры.

EN

Vertep is a part of the group of religious representations belonging equally to the church rituals as well as to the follklore customs. It was born with the other mystery plays together having their origins in the iconographic Gospel representations such as ”Christ cribs” in Byzantium and subsequently the performances of the Birth of the Infant such as the famous performance act prepared by saint Francisque from Asis in 1223. Later, the local puppet presentation of ”Nahvity" had developed. They were ”Navidad” and ”Nahvite'” in the western Europe and their counterparts in the middle Europe. Their common origin were the church utensils such as tabernacle or the small cabinet altar called retablo. These presentations in the middle Europe were called ”crib” or ”szopka” while in eastern Europe ”vertep”. The ”Nativity” included the shepherds' homage, the Three Kings) homage as well as the massacre of lnnocents and Herod's punishment. Later on the new secular motifs and characters appeared, representing problems of the folk life. At the time of modernism, real artists showed interest in „Nativity" giving it a new artistic interpretation. Vertep as a variety of ”Nativity” has its own properties and seems to be an independent product of the Ukrainian culture.

19

Virgo Mater w kazaniach na Boże Narodzenie św. Augustyna

51%

Jaśkiewicz S.

Vox Patrum

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2021

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vol. 80

139-160

EN

This article, meeting the lively interest in the issues of virginity and motherhood of Mary in contemporary Mariology, tries to show these two important truths in the teaching of St. Augustine based on his sermones for Christmas. The Marian title Virgo Mater was chosen as the most representative for the issues at hand and it is the guide in considerations which, apart from the introduction and conclusion, include the following issues: Sermones de Natali Domini, Nativitas Christi duplex, Maria Virgo Mater, Virginalis maternitas Mariae and Maria Mater et Virgo et Ecclesia mater et virgo. The basic method of work is the salvation history method, with a clear use of the tools of the hermeneutics of language, image and symbol, as well as the mystagogy characteristic of Mary. Careful reading of the Marian message of the great Father and Orator of Christian antiquity leads to the conclusion that so important in the mystery of the Incarnation - Mary's virginity and motherhood are not only "instruments of salvation", but also unique and individual elements of Mary's personality. As the Virgin Mother offered herself to the Divine Son in the first place, so now she offers herself to the Church, to all Christians (omnes Christiani) and to all humanity. The sermons for Christmas by Bishop Hippo in no way measure up to his memorable works, but it cannot be ignored that with their message expressed in a characteristic form and style, for centuries they nourished the piety of many generations of Christians, especially in late Christian antiquity and the early Middle Ages.

PL

Artykuł wychodząc naprzeciw ożywionemu zainteresowaniu problematyką dziewictwa i macierzyństwa Maryi we współczesnej mariologii, stara się ukazać te dwie ważne prawdy w nauczaniu św. Augustyna w oparciu o jego kazania (sermones) wygłoszone na Boże Narodzenie. Jako najbardziej reprezentatywny dla podejmowanej problematyki został wybrany tytuł maryjny Virgo Mater i to on jest przewodnikiem w rozważaniach, które obok wstępu i zakończenia obejmują następujące zagadnienia: Sermones de Natali Domini, Nativitas Christi duplex, Maria Virgo Mater, Virginalis maternitas Mariae oraz Maria Mater et Virgo et Ecclesia mater et virgo. Podstawową metodą pracy jest metoda historiozbawcza, z wyraźnym wykorzystaniem narzędzi hermeneutyki języka, obrazu i symbolu, a także charakterystycznej dla osoby Maryi mistagogii. Uważna lektura maryjnego przesłania wielkiego Ojca i Oratora starożytności chrześcijańskiej prowadzi do wniosku, że tak istotne w tajemnicy Wcielenia – dziewictwo i macierzyństwo Maryi są nie tylko „narzędziami zbawienia”, ale niepowtarzalnymi i indywidualnymi elementami osobowości Maryi. Tak, jak w pierwszej kolejności Dziewica Matka ofiarowała się Boskiemu Synowi, tak teraz ofiaruje się Kościołowi, wszystkim chrześcijanom (omnes Christiani) i całej ludzkości. Kazania na Boże Narodzenie biskupa Hippony w żaden sposób nie mogą mierzyć się z jego wiekopomnymi dziełami, nie sposób jednak nie podkreślić, że swym przesłaniem wyrażonym w charakterystycznej formie i stylu, przez wieki żywiły pobożność wielu pokoleń chrześcijan zwłaszcza w późnej starożytności chrześcijańskiej i wczesnym średniowieczu.

20

Boże Narodzenie na sprzedaż? O desakralizacji języka religijnego w reklamie

51%

Rybka M., Sławek J.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

|

2015

|

vol. 63

|

issue 6: Językoznawstwo

213-239

EN

Religious symbols are characteristic for their rich semantic content and many intertextual connections. What is more, religious symbols are strongly embeded in many consuments' minds. In modern advertising the references to religion have mainly persuasive function, as they encourage each recipient to purchase certain goods or to make use of the offered services. Sacrum in Christmas advertisements is rarely presented, because it is very often replaced by regional Christmas customs and traditions. Advertisements undergo different processes of unification and globalization, so they are known and understood by almost every receipient. Elements of sacrum used in commercials enter the profane area and this process is caused by the semantic context that leads to reinterpretation and secularization of the sacrum elements. Only few examples present that this process can be reversed and something that have seemed to be secular becomes sacralised in the advertisements.

PL

Symbolika religijna ma bogatą treść, wiele powiązań intertekstualnych i mocno zakodowana jest w świadomości wielu odbiorców. We współczesnej reklamie nawiązania do religii pełnią przede wszystkim funkcję perswazyjną, zachęcają odbiorcę do nabycia określonych towarów lub skorzystania z oferowanych usług. Sacrum w reklamie świątecznej występuje jednak coraz rzadziej, jego miejsce zajmują odwołania do zwyczajów wigilijnych, regionalnych tradycji. Przekazy reklamowe ulegają procesom unifikacji i globalizacji, dzięki czemu są znane i zrozumiałe prawie przez wszystkich. Wykorzystywane w spotach reklamowych elementy ze sfery sacrum wchodzą do sfery profanum pod wpływem szeroko rozumianego kontekstu, najczęściej podlegają wtedy reinterpretacji i laicyzacji. Tylko pojedyncze przykłady pokazują, że proces ten może ulec odwróceniu i coś, co wydawało się już wyłącznie świeckie, komercyjne może powrócić do sfery sacrum.

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