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EN
The Polish authorities, before the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, carried out a thorough analysis of the internal law in order to determine the degree of compliance of its provisions with the provisions of that document. The effects of these analyses have become an important argument for the draft law on ratification of the Conventionsubmitted to the Parliament on the 27th of April 2012 by the Government of our country. In the explanatory memorandum, the Government argued that our country was already ensuring the proper implementation of its provisions, also in the sphere of education. This optimistic view of our legal reality was not shared by everyone. Polemics with declarations propagated by the authorities of the country appeared both before and after the ratification of the Convention, which took place in 2012. They also addressed solutions in the field of education of persons with disabilities, i.e. compliance of the provisions of our educational law and their practical implementation in accordance with art. 24 of the Conventionen titled „Education”. Various parties spoke out, including the Ombudsman, a state body independent of other authorities. Some of mentioned polemics, but also recommendations made during them, are the content of this article.
EN
The authorities of the Republic of Poland, by ratifying the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, have undertaken the responsibility to implement such changes in the national legal order and in social policies that aim at ensuring full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms by people with disabilities and preventing their discrimination in different aspects of life. One of the ways to fulfil this commitment is the ‘reasonable accommodation’. According to Article 2 of the Convention the term means ‘(…) necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden’ and its purpose is to reduce physical, technical or social barriers hindering or restricting the various roles and tasks of those affected by disorders in the structure or functions of the body. The author of this article explored manifestations of such activities in the field of education law and its practical applications. He determined that in the analysed area, many solutions are in line with the spirit of the ‘reasonable accommodation’.
PL
The authorities of the Republic of Poland have ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and have undertaken the responsibility to implement such changes in the internal law and in social policy which aim at ensuring full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms by people with disabilities and preventing their discrimination in different aspects of life. One of the ways of fulfilling this commitment is described as “reasonable accommodation”. The author of this article has attempted to find manifestations of such activities in the field of school legislation and its practical examples. As a result, it turned out that in the analysed area many solutions are in line with the spirit of the “reasonable accommodation”.
EN
The authorities of the Republic of Poland, by ratifying the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, have undertaken the responsibility to implement such changes in the national legal order and in social policies that aim at ensuring full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms by people with disabilities and preventing their discrimination in different aspects of life. One of the ways to fulfil this commitment is the ‘reasonable accommodation’. According to Article 2 of the Convention the term means ‘(…) necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden’ and its purpose is to reduce physical, technical or social barriers hindering or restricting the various roles and tasks of those affected by disorders in the structure or functions of the body. The author of this article explored manifestations of such activities in the field of education laws and their practical application. He determined that in the analysed area, many solutions are in line with the spirit of the ‘reasonable accommodation’.
PL
The authorities of the Republic of Poland have ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and have undertaken the responsibility to implement such changes in the internal law and in social policy which aim at ensuring full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms by people with disabilities and preventing their discrimination in different aspects of life. One of the ways of fulfilling this commitment is described as ‘reasonable accommodation’. The author of this article has attempted to find manifestations of such activities in the field of school legislation and its practical examples. As a result, it turned out that in the analysed area many solutions are in line with the spirit of the ‘reasonable accommodation’.
EN
The paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the monitoring mechanism of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities adopted in 2006. It presents the structure of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities which monitors implementation of the treaty by the States Parties and its monitoring tools, i.e. mandate to examine reports of the States Parties, to consider individual communications and to conduct inquiries. It indicates that, even though the monitoring mechanism of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is based foremost on elements typical for other, more embedded UN human rights treaty bodies, it also owns its specific, innovative characteristics. These novelties are related to the particular needs of beneficiaries of the treaty and attempts to improve the monitoring procedures.
EN
According to Polish legal system it is not possible for persons affected by "mental illness" or "mental retardation" to marry (article 12 Family and Guardianship Code). As an exception to this rule, the Court may authorize the conclusion of such marriage, if the person’s condition does not put "marriage" or "the future health of the offspring" in hazard. This adjustment was justified by the traditional understanding of the principle of the protection of marriage and family, concern about the lack of "capability" of the patient to meet one's marriage commitments, the recognition of lack of parental competences in people with mental disabilities and mental illness, and the danger of "transferring" the illness to the children of parents. Acts of international law provide for a different design, accenting the right to marry and to found a family (article 12 European Convention on Human Rights). For people with disabilities, article 23 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities which guarantees the right to marry and to found a family of all persons with disabilities, including mental and intellectual, is of particular importance. The conventional solutions analysis leads to the conclusion that not only the current article 12 Family and Guardianship Code is contrary to the Convention but to establish similar restrictions based on the health status of the betrothed could be regarded as discriminatory and contrary to the Convention. It should be noted that the progressive interpretation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities can lead to conflicts between solutions of the act of international law and the national rules of family law which are based on the traditionally understood principles of the protection of the family and child welfare. It is therefore necessary to find solutions and develop compromise in the process of adaptation of Polish law to the requirements of conventional solutions.
EN
The article concerns the possibility of building a new disability assessment system based upon the human rights model of disability and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The commentary on the current disability assessment system, based on a medical model of disability, as well as the discussion about the projected nomenclature regarding the upcoming reform of the Polish disability assessment system, have led to the demand for the development of a new system based on the principle of dignity of people with disabilities. The new system of positive assessment is focused on capabilities of a person and a need of support in contrast to the foregoing systems based on deficits. The proposal contains areas of persons’ with disabilities lives necessary to consider regarding disability assessment, as well as new solutions related to the benefit and annuities system.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy możliwości zbudowania nowego systemu orzekania o niepełnosprawności opartego na prawnoczłowieczym modelu niepełnosprawności i Konwencji o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych (KPON). Przeprowadzona krytyka obecnego systemu orzekania jako opartego na modelu medycznym niepełnosprawności, jak również dyskusja z nomenklaturą proponowaną w zbliżającej się reformie orzecznictwa w Polsce, prowadzą do postulatu o wypracowanie orzekania respektującego zasadę godności osób z niepełnosprawnością. Proponowany nowy system orzekania pozytywnego opiera się nie na deficytach jednostki, ale na jej możliwościach i potrzebie wsparcia. W propozycji znalazły się obszary życia osób z niepełnosprawnością, które powinny być brane pod uwagę w procesie orzekania, jak również nowe rozwiązania w obszarze świadczeń i rent.
EN
The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the conformity of the provisions of the Act of 19 August 1994 on the Protection of Mental Health with the provisions of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 13 December 2006 (CRPD). The paper describes the particular provisions of the Act on the Protection of Mental Health that allow forced treatment of the mentally ill, and the provisions of the CRPD on that matter. The stance of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities which questions the legality of forced treatment of mentally ill in the light of the CRPD is presented, followed by the author’s own view. It is concluded that the provisions of the Act on the Protection of Mental Health which permit forced treatment of the mentally ill are inconsistent with the provisions of the CRPD, in particular with Articles 12, 14, 15, 17 and 25. The provisions of the CRPD, as discussed in this paper, do not allow deprivation of liberty based on disability including cases where the legislation provides additional premises for deprivation of liberty, for example threatening one’s life or life and health of others. According to the CRPD, medical treatment, including psychiatric treatment, may be provided only on the basis of free and informed consent. Based on the above there is lack of legal grounds for forced treatment of mentally ill, as the international agreement ratified with the prior consent expressed in the act has the priority over the act if it is not consistent with the international agreement (Article 91 par. 2 of the Constitution).
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zgodności przepisów ustawy z 19 sierpnia 1994 r. o ochronie zdrowia psychicznego ([u.o.z.p.], t.jedn.: Dz.U. 2017, poz. 882 ze zm.), z przepisami Konwencji ONZ o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych z 13 grudnia 2006 r. ([Konwencja], Dz.U. 2012, poz. 1169). W artykule omówiono poszczególne przepisy u.o.z.p. zezwalające na przymusową hospitalizację i leczenie psychiatryczne, ponadto także odpowiednie przepisy Konwencji dotyczące tej kwestii. Przytoczono stanowisko Komitetu ds. Praw Osób Niepełnosprawnych, kwestionujące dopuszczalność przymusowego leczenia psychiatrycznego w świetle Konwencji, a także zaprezentowano własne stanowisko w tej materii. Główną tezą pracy jest niezgodność przepisów u.o.z.p. dopuszczających przymusowe leczenie psychiatryczne z przepisami Konwencji, w tym przede wszystkim z jej art. 12, 14, 15, 17 i 25. Przepisy Konwencji, w przedstawionej w artykule interpretacji, zabraniają bowiem pozbawiania wolności z uwagi na niepełnosprawność także wtedy, gdy ustawodawstwo przewiduje dodatkowe przesłanki pozbawienia wolności, jak choćby zagrażanie własnemu życiu albo życiu lub zdrowiu innych osób. Podstawą leczenia, także psychiatrycznego, w myśl Konwencji, może być tylko świadoma i swobodna zgoda zainteresowanego. Oznacza to, że obecnie brak podstaw prawnych do przymusowego leczenia osób chorych psychicznie, albowiem umowa międzynarodowa ratyfikowana za uprzednią zgodą wyrażoną w ustawie ma pierwszeństwo przed ustawą, jeżeli ustawy tej nie da się pogodzić z umową (art. 91 ust. 2 Konstytucji).
EN
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities adopted by the United Nations on December 13, 2006, signed by the Government of Poland on March 20, 2007, and therefore ratified on September 6, 2012, is committed to respecting all provisions contained in this document, including those concerning access to universal education, labor market and employment. However, from a practical point of view, there are many barriers and problems experienced by different environments of people with disabilities in the enforcement of their rights. Hence, the article mentions the opinions of representatives of the deaf and blind people on current restrictions and discrimination, as well as proposals addressed to the education and work and employment spheres participating in the debates organized under the project „Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – a common cause”, the main contractor of which is the Polish Forum of People with Disabilities.
PL
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the United Nations on December 13, 2006, signed by the Government of Poland on March 20, 2007, and ratified on September 6, 2012, obliges to respect all the provisions contained in this document, including those concerning access to universal education, the labour market and employment. However, from a practical point of view, there are many barriers and problems experienced by different environments of people with disabilities in the enforcement of their rights. Hence, the article includes the opinions of representatives of the deaf and blind people on current restrictions and discrimination, as well as proposals addressed to the education and work and employment spheres of those participating in the debates organized under the project „Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – a common cause”, the main contractor of which is the Polish Forum of People with Disabilities.
PL
W artykule omówiono zagadnienie postulowanej zmiany podejścia do kwestii zdolności do czynności prawnych osoby fizycznej, polegającej na zniesieniu wszelkich przejawów jej ograniczeń, będącym wymogiem, jaki nakłada na Polskę Konwencja Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych. W ocenie przeciwników ubezwłasnowolnienia cel ten można osiągnąć wyłącznie w wyniku likwidacji tej instytucji. Autorka prezentuje poglądy przeciwników instytucji ubezwłasnowolnienia, podejmując z nimi dyskusję i wskazując, jakie szanse i jakie zagrożenia może nieść ze sobą zmiana rzeczywistości normatywnej. Zerwanie z dotychczasowymi regulacjami może bowiem prowadzić do ewentualnych negatywnych konsekwencji w postaci pozbawienia osób spełniających przesłanki ubezwłasnowolnienia oraz ich rodzin dotychczasowej ochrony, jak również godzić w pewność obrotu gospodarczego.
EN
The article takes on the issue of the proposed change in approach to the legal capacity of a natural person by means of abolishing any forms of statutory limitations thereof, which is a requirement imposed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In the view of the opponents of incapacitation, this goal can only be achieved by the abolition of this institution altogether. The author presents the views of the opponents of legal incapacitation, and addresses them, indicating what chances and what threats may be brought about by a subsequent change in legal reality. Withdrawal from existing regulations may lead to negative consequences, depriving people who satisfy the conditions of incapacitation and their families of outstanding protection, as well as undermining the certainty of business transactions.
EN
Among the many rights guaranteed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, what deserves special attention is the right of persons with disabilities to independent living and inclusion in society, as recorded in Article 19. This law applies to everyone regardless of age, ability, type of disability or mental health problems. In practice, this implies the need for the State to take effective measures to facilitate the full integration and participation of people with disabilities in the society. In the paper, the authors attempted to answer the question whether the Polish state has taken effective measures aimed at making it easier for people with disabilities to fully integrate and participate in social life. In this connection, they pointed out the need for deinstitutionalisation of social assistance, pointing to two important tools to enable it to be implemented in practice.
EN
The paper outlines socio-historical factors that led to the emergence of a new trend in doing research on disability issue – Disability Studies and the dissemination of a social definition of disability, on which the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is based. The main part of the text provides a critical analysis of the implementation process of article 24 CRPD at Polish universities with regard to relevant regulatory acts and using reasonable accommodations. Next, statistical data on students and PhD candidates with disabilities are presented. The main conclusions from thematic reports by the Polish Commissioner for Human Rights and by the disabled persons organizations are also presented. In the last part, the disability issue is discussed in the context of creating the Law on Higher Education 2.0 with the case study of amendment no. 47. 
PL
W artykule zarysowano społeczno-historyczne uwarunkowania, które doprowadziły do powstania i rozkwitu nowego nurtu badań nad niepełnosprawnością – Disability Studies oraz popularyzacji społecznej definicji niepełnosprawności, na której opiera się KPON. Główną część tekstu poświęcono krytycznej analizie wdrażania art. 24 KPON w polskich szkołach wyższych z perspektywy obowiązujących aktów prawnych oraz stosowania mechanizmu racjonalnych usprawnień. Przedstawiono dane statystyczne na temat studentów i doktorantów z niepełnosprawnościami oraz zaprezentowano główne wnioski z raportów tematycznych, autorstwa Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich oraz środowisk osób z niepełnosprawnościami. W ostatniej części artykułu omówiono wątek niepełnosprawności w świetle procesu tworzenia Ustawy 2.0 wraz ze studium przypadku poprawki nr 47.
EN
In September 2021, there were 15,000 students with hearing disabilities in Polish schools. The vast majority (86%) of them were partially hearing-impaired persons, while over 2,000 persons were deaf. However, in the contemporary world the access to public services, especially education, should not be limited to such persons, not to mention that they should not be deprived of it at all. General and equal access to education is guaranteed in the Constitution of Poland, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which Poland has ratified. It obliges to ensure education without discrimination, and based on equal opportunities, in a way that aims at full development of potential, dignity and self-esteem. The results of the NIK audit have shown that the state does not meet this obligation to deaf students, for whom the sign language is the fist and the main means of communication.
PL
We wrześniu 2021 r. do polskich szkół uczęszczało 15 tysięcy uczniów z niepełnosprawnością słuchu. Zdecydowana większość (86%) to osoby słabosłyszące, głusi – stanowiący grupę ponad dwóch tysięcy osób – byli więc mniejszością. We współczesnym świecie nie powinno to jednak oznaczać braku lub ograniczonego dostępu do jakichkolwiek usług publicznych, zwłaszcza edukacji. Gwarancja powszechnego i równego dostępu do nauki została zapisana w Konstytucji RP, zapewnia ją także ratyfikowana przez Polskę Konwencja o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych. Zobowiązuje ona do zapewnienia edukacji bez dyskryminacji i na zasadach równych szans, w sposób zmierzający do pełnego rozwoju potencjału oraz poczucia godności i własnej wartości. Wyniki kontroli przeprowadzonej przez NIK pokazały, że państwo nie wypełnia tego zobowiązania wobec głuchych uczniów, dla których podstawowym i pierwszym językiem komunikacji jest język migowy, a nie polski.
EN
In the years 2016–2018, a project titled “Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – a Common Deal” was realised. Its aim was to identify the existing types and manifestations of discrimination against persons with disabilities under individual rights contained in the Convention. The first stage of the project consisted of identifying existing discrimination, the second of identifying the necessary legal and non-legal changes to eliminate discrimination identified at the first stage. Based on the analysis method of the existing sources the data from the first stage of implementation of the project was presented. It referred to the education area of   children and adolescents with sensory disabilities (on the basis of opinion obtained from adults) who were 237 people with visual impairment, 122 deaf-mute people, and 216 people with auditory disability. The identified barriers and proposals formulated for legal acts regulating educational, rehabilitative, and therapeutic aid as well as the possible targeting of scientific research constituting the aftermath of the analyzed project were described.
PL
W latach 2016–2018 zrealizowano projekt pt. „Konwencja o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych – wspólna sprawa”. Jego celem było określenie rodzajów i przejawów dyskryminacji osób z niepełnosprawnością w ramach poszczególnych praw zawartych w konwencji. Pierwszy etap projektu polegał na identyfikacji przejawów dyskryminacji niepełnosprawnych, drugi na wskazaniu niezbędnych zmian prawnych i pozaprawnych na rzecz ich usunięcia. Wykorzystując metodę analizy źródeł zastanych, przedstawiono dane pochodzące z pierwszego etapu realizacji projektu na temat edukacji dzieci i młodzieży z niepełnosprawnościami sensorycznymi, zebrane na podstawie opinii uzyskanych od osób dorosłych: 237 osób z niepełnosprawnością wzrokową, 122 osób głuchoniewidomych, 216 osób z niepełnosprawnością słuchową. Opisano bariery oraz propozycje zmian aktów prawnych, regulujących pomoc edukacyjną, rehabilitacyjną i terapeutyczną oraz możliwe kierunki badań naukowych, stanowiących pokłosie realizacji analizowanego projektu.
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