Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 23

first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  DNA
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
EN
The main purpose of the present paper is to describe some chosen metaphors which are used in the field of genetics. In my analysis I use the cognitive definition of a metaphor, which is described in most general way as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. I concentrate on the following lexemes: DNA (acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid), gene, genetic, genome. Another problem described in the article is how a particular way of thinking about the DNA and its metaphors affects the understanding of other concepts, which are connected with it directly or indirectly, and therefore also affects the definitions of corresponding lexical items. In the present article I focus on the analysis of the concept of ‘man’.
2
100%
EN
As we all are aware now the discovery of DNA is the most significant biological discovery of the 20th century. This discovery has had a tremendous impact on science and medicine. In the field of modern medicine and genetic research, the discovery of DNA has allowed for the improved ability to diagnosis disease, detect genetic predisposition to disease, create new drugs to treat disease, use gene therapy as treatment, and design “custom drugs” based on individual genetic profiles. In criminal investigations, DNA has proven to be a powerful tool. Since no two people, excluding identical twins, can have similar DNA, the identification of a offender person through DNA analyzes is more than indubitable. DNA can be used successfully on victims identifying process. Identifying the victims of the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center attack presented a unique forensic challenge because the number and identity of the victims were unknown and many victims were represented only by bone and tissue fragments. Today with the creation of a common space as the European Union, new opportunities and requirements needs among states to make possible the collaboration as valid and effective against crime or terrorism is more necessary. For this reason arises the idea of exchange of genetic information between them for Law Enforcement Operations which is supported on the AIA’s agreement for a greater security among states space.
EN
This year we are celebrating 150 anniversary of the discovery of DNA by Friedrich Miescher. His finding initiated a series of discoveries that allowed to depicts life's most famous molecule with novel features with considerable biological interest. In this article we recall the biggest mile stones of 150-year history of DNA and present the context and meaning of several key observations that have brought us closer to understanding DNA. 150 years ago, people had no idea that DNA existed, and they certainly hadn’t heard of DNA structure and sequencing. We now know that DNA is a dynamic, tortuous coil, constantly shuffling and unwinding. Today DNA is all around us, in a physical sense and in a cultural sense. It is really part of our culture. We will discuss also the little known facts, often overlooked in similar discussions. We will focus particularly on Professor Richard Altmann's from Iława, whose contribution to knowledge about nucleic acids is significant, although not well recognized so far.
4
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Body and biology

100%
EN
The social community is neither a mosaic nor a sum of different identities but something akin to a new, compound being, characterised by its own genome: the mfDNA. It involves, in particular, a kind of colonisation, the outcome of events, contingencies, probabilistic dynamics, interrelationships between the individual (or society) and the environment. Furthermore, community does not imply a mere list of species but a milieu that exists to serve their relative, not simply single and bi-univocal representations and interrelationships, acting within a complex multifactorial network characterized by a preliminary mathematical-model approach. Therefore, it is possible to introduce a new perspective, driven by the mfDNA approach and biology, and suggest a wider context capable of improving our understanding of the role of individuals within societies. We propose a new tool, the “social mfDNA model”, as an interior indicator of the properties, composition and dynamics of human society.
PL
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was identified 140 years ago by a Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher. His discovery was fundamental for the development of biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology. Contemporary biology, biotechnology and medicine largely depends on our ability to analyze, synthesize and manipulate DNA. We present highlights of the history of DNA research from the very beginning to the sequencing of human genome.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest analiza wpływu dostępności testów genetycznych na ustalenie pochodzenia dziecka od ojca. Niewątpliwie testy genetyczne ustalające pokrewieństwo stały się jednym z najczęściej komercyjnie wykonywanymi testami genetycznymi. Są one przeprowadzane zarówno indywidualnie jak również dla postępowań sądowych. Niewątpliwie powszechność stosowania testów genetycznym w celu wykluczenia pokrewieństwa stało się bardzo częstą praktyką sądową. Ponadto jak się wydaje właśnie z uwagi na fakt, że testy genetyczny dają niemalże pewność w zakresie ustalania pokrewieństwa zmieniono również regulacja kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego opierając stosunek ojcostwa na pewności co do pokrewieństwa genetycznego. Analizie poddano zarówno regulacje kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego jak również orzeczenia sądowe w celu wskazania charakteru dowodu z testów genetycznych oraz jego wpływu na ustalenie ojcostwa.
EN
The objective of the study involves testing the influence of accessibility of DNA tests, on paternity determination. Without doubt, DNA tests determining the family relationship have become one of the most frequently performed genetic tests commercially. They are carried out both at individual request, as well as for use in judicial proceedings. Undoubtedly, the common use of DNA tests to exclude consanguinity has become very popular in judicial practice. Moreover, it seems that due to the fact that DNA tests are quite accurate in determining blood relations, the regulations of the Family and Guardianship Code have been changed in order to base paternity on the certainty of genetic relation. The study also involved the regulations of the Family and Guardianship Code as well as judicial decisions in order to indicate the nature of evidence from genetic testing and its impact on paternity recognition.
PL
Przez bez mała sto lat daktyloskopia jako najbardziej efektywna metoda identyfikacji człowieka była traktowana jako królowa wszystkich badań kryminalistycznych. Z chwilą pojawienia się badań genetycznych, a zwłaszcza wtedy, gdy na skutek ogromnego postępu w dziedzinie biologii molekularnej oraz genetyki znacząco poszerzyły się możliwości wykorzystania śladów biologicznych, pozycja daktyloskopii wydaje się słabnąć. Aktualne pozostaje jednak pytanie, czy w ogóle zostanie ona wyeliminowana z praktyki i czy nie można jej wykorzystywać wespół z badaniami genetycznymi? W celu weryfikacji założeń teoretycznych – dotyczących kompleksowego opiniowania na podstawie śladów DNA i daktyloskopijnych – przeprowadzono analizę 122 opinii kompleksowych z zakresu badań daktyloskopijnych i genetycznych, wydanych przez pięć polskich laboratoriów policyjnych w latach 2010–2013.
EN
For nearly hundred years, dactyloscopy - as the most effective method of human identification, was treated as the queen of all forensic examination. With the emergence of genetic analysis, particularly when a huge progress in molecular biology and genetics resulted in a more extensive scope of application of biological evidence, the rank of dactyloscopy appears to dissipate. Currently the question is whether it will be completely ruled out of practice or could be utilized alongside genetic examination. For the purpose of verification of theoretical assumptions concerning comprehensive DNA/fingerprint examination opinions and in order to identify potential mistakes which can occur in practice, the analysis of 122 comprehensive opinions from DNA/fingerprint casework examinations was carried out in relation to five police forensic laboratories in Poland in the period between 2010-2013.
8
89%
EN
DNA identification, which counts a few decades only, has revolutionized forensic science. Over a short period of time, genetic identification has become the most effective method of human identification, even when a tiny amount of biological material is available. Its dynamic development has allowed shifting efforts from group to individual identification. DNA analysis is broadly used for identification of criminal offenders, and due to computer-based DNA data bases – also allows detection of offenders internationally. The technique is fundamental in identification of disaster victims and also historically – in identification of bone remains. Furthermore, it is very useful in verification of wrongful convictions. In civil litigation, DNA analysis is irreplaceable in cases involving paternity testing. Genetic identification has quite solid scientific foundations and therefore, it has dethroned fingerprint identification, being earlier recognized as the “golden” standard of human identification. What is more, DNA analysis triggered the wave of criticism towards the majority of forensic methods of identification, which are considered to be characteristic by a high level of subjectivity, and which started the process of scientific development of these methods.
EN
Bearing in mind the interdisciplinary nature of the origin of Slavs, in the process of reviewing the issue in relation with archaeology, the debate and the results of research carried out by representatives of other areas of science must be taken into consideration. The goal of this article is a review of the published results of an analysis of fossil and contemporary genetic material, coupled with discussing interpretation thereof in relation with the issue at hand. The work presents a selection of surveys which, according to the author, provide representatives of humanities with insight into the latest state of research. The presentation is preceded by introductory information about the examined material and the analysis methods as well as the conditioning factors. A methodological challenge was faced in the form of connecting data provided by geneticists and the findings from other disciplines, including archaeology, as indicated in the final part of the article.
EN
Latent fingerprints have an indisputable identification value and are considered to be evidentially significant.In accordance with the principle of transfer, fingerprint and genetic identification process can be improved by a suitable methodused to reveal and secure a proper trace. The use of the method depends on many factors, including the properties of the substrate,the conditions prevailing when the print was recovered or the passage of time. The technique commonly used by forensics to reveallatent prints during the examination of the scene is a physical method, based on the adhesiveness of the particles of fingerprintdusting powder to the deposited sweat and sebaceous secretions. This method is effective for the disclosure of prints on relativelysmooth, equal or clean surfaces, and if it is necessary to reveal “fresh” latent fingerprints. Unfortunately, the conditions duringthe scene examination can significantly deviate from the ideal. Often the surfaces encountered are uneven, porous, multi-colouredor dirty, and fingerprints are “old” or faint. In such situations, this method is frequently insufficient. The alternative seems to bea chemical method of revealing latent fingerprints. From the point of view of comprehensive forensic examination, the risk thatboth fingerprint dusting powders and chemical methods of fingerprint visualization bring a substantial risk of contamination,or corruption through traces of foreign DNA, should be taken into account. This situation leads to a search for solutions to reducethe negative effects of the transfer of foreign DNA, including: the use of disposable fingerprint brushes free from human DNAand decontaminated by gamma irradiation or ethylene oxide, or the use of modern technology, e.g. the Reflected UltravioletImaging System (RUVIS) which allows visualization of fingerprint traces based on reflected ultraviolet light during preliminaryoptical examination for evidence, regardless of the type of surface or its size.
11
88%
PL
The subject of the article is to present the possibilities offered by biobanks to the development of biomedical sciences, and in particular to genetic diseases. It also shows threats with the increasing use of genetic tests, especially so-called Direct to Consumer Tests.
PL
The term “gene” was originally used as a purely theoretical concept. After discovery of DNA structure, and understanding the genetic code, the gene acquired a form of a distinct physical entity with its borders and specific signal sequences, having rather simple (as it was thought at that time) functions and relation to phenotype outcome. The term “structural gene” has been coined. The unique gene structure, and several unusual and omnipotent traits have been ascribed to the gene that resulted in the formulation of a “genocentric” theory as a basic expla nation of all features of living organisms. However, recent discoveries reveal a complex structure and functions of eukaryotic genes. It appears now that the coding sequences (exons) are spread out over extended regions (hundreds of thousands of kilobases) of DNA. The role of protein-non coding DNA sequences were recognized, and the new mechanisms controlling gene functions have been discovered. In addition, we acquired the knowledge about a powerful ability of the cell to interpret the information potential of genes, accordingly to the needs of a cell/organ or actual “context” and status of the dynamic systems operating within the cell. All these discoveries undermine the genocentric view of life. At this time any definition of “gene” seems to be inadequate with present knowledge, and one may ask again: what is a gene?
13
Content available remote

Na zewnątrz pomarańcza, a w środku kiwi

88%
EN
Genetically modified organism (GMO) is a body created by the artificial change in the genetic material. Although men from dozens of thousands of years have interfered in the genetic information, crossbreeding individuals with selected features, the discovery of the sequence of the DNA helix was a particularly important development, made by Watson and Crick in 1953. From this point genetic engineering has developed in such a way that made possible the modification of organisms in vitro, then transferring them to the environment. Thanks to using GMOs more and more medication can be produced. It is also possible to achieve a higher quality crops and reduce the number of hungry people in the world. However, there are scientists who question the safety reviews of products made from genetically modified organisms.
EN
Police Teams Dealing with Undetected Crime, commonly referred to as the X Archives, operate within the voivodship police headquarters. They accumulate the most experienced officers and deal with the most serious crimes from the past, mainly the murders whose perpetrators have not been detected so far. The teams of several people make a thorough analysis of the acts of undetected crimes, they reach sources of information and use the latest achievements of forensic science. Two databases are particularly useful, i.e. AFIS and DNA. For this reason, the most attention has been given to them.
PL
Policyjne Zespoły ds. Przestępstw Niewykrytych, zwane potocznie Archiwami X, funkcjonują w ramach komend wojewódzkich policji. Skupiając najbardziej doświadczonych funkcjonariuszy, zajmują się najpoważniejszymi przestępstwami sprzed lat, głównie zabójstwami, których sprawców nie udało się dotychczas wykryć. Kilkuosobowe zespoły dokonują wnikliwej analizy akt niewykrytych przestępstw, docierają do źródeł informacji i wykorzystują najnowsze osiągnięcia kryminalistyki. Szczególnie przydatne są dwie bazy danych: system AFIS oraz baza DNA. Z tego względu właśnie im poświęcono większość tego opracowania.
EN
Biometrics is one of the basic detection techniques used in law enforcement activities on a daily basis. Like other techniques, it is constantly changing. This article aims to provide an overview of what was in the past, what is now, and what will be in the near future. It presents the selected methods of collecting some of the data, as well as the systems used to process them. In addition, practical guidance is provided on how individual biometric data should be collected and, for specific cases, it explains why the data collection procedure is carried out in one way and not another, and what it means for its subsequent processing. As problems sometimes arise during recovery of the material they have been presented together with an overview of the reasons for that. In addition to information on the technical aspects, the article also includes references to legal acts regulating issues related to biometrics.
PL
Biometria stanowi jedną z podstawowych technik wykrywczych stosowanych na co dzień w działaniach organów ścigania. Podobnie jak inne techniki podlega ona ciągłym zmianom. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie tego, co było w przeszłości, tego, co jest teraz, i tego, co pojawi się w najbliższej przyszłości. Zaprezentowano w nim sposób gromadzenia wybranych danych, jak również systemy wykorzystywane do ich przetwarzania. Dodatkowo zamieszczono praktyczne wskazówki dotyczące tego, jak poszczególne dane biometryczne powinny być pobierane, oraz – w odniesieniu do konkretnych przypadków – wytłumaczono, dlaczego procedura pobierania danych przebiega w ten, a nie inny sposób, i jakie to ma znaczenie dla późniejszego ich przetwarzania. Ponieważ przy pobieraniu materiału niekiedy pojawiają się problemy, toteż zostały one zaprezentowane wraz z omówieniem przyczyn. Poza informacjami dotyczącymi aspektów technicznych w artykule można znaleźć odniesienia do aktów prawnych regulujących kwestie związane z biometrią.
17
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Báze nejsou písmena

71%
EN
In this paper we show some interpretation of the genetic code design. We proceed from the discovery of DNA structure to current stage of the molecular biology. Generally we introduce the basic semiotic assumptions of molecular biology in the description of the structure of DNA, proteins and genetic code. We focus on interpretations of Francis Crick, another molecular biologists, biosemioticians and linguists. For the aims of the paper we describe some fundaments of molecular biology. Core of our text is quantitative analysis (n-gram structure, Zipf ’s law) of mRNA strings and natural language text. We take into consideration representative quantitative analysis of DNA, RNA and proteins too. Our analysis of mRNA confirms the assumption that the design of the genetic code cannot analogize DNA bases and letters.
EN
Information is an extremely important element of a successful fight with and prevention of crime. Comprehensive use of the information collected by the Police on crimes, their perpetrators and traces left at incident scenes is a guarantee of crime detection and, as a result, an improvement in the level of safety and public order. The originators of the HIT-NET system appreciate the great potential in the databases operating in the Police, in particular forensic databases. The basis of the concept of the designed IT system was to provide an effective IT tool allowing to indicate the relationship between hits found in DNA and fingerprint databases, and then link them with criminal data. The system being under creation makes it possible to find relationships as well as analyse and graphically visualise the identified networks of connections between people, traces and crimes, together with their presentation on a map.
PL
Informacja jest niezwykle istotnym elementem skutecznej walki z przestępczością oraz jej zapobiegania. Kompleksowe wykorzystanie gromadzonych przez Policję informacji na temat przestępstw, ich sprawców oraz śladów, które pozostawili na miejscu zdarzenia, jest gwarancją wzrostu wykrywalności przestępstw, a w rezultacie podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego. Pomysłodawcy systemu HIT-NET dostrzegli ogromny potencjał w funkcjonujących w Policji bazach danych, a w szczególności bazach kryminalistycznych. Podstawą koncepcji zaprojektowanego systemu informatycznego było dostarczenie skutecznego narzędzia informatycznego pozwalającego wskazać relacje pomiędzy trafieniami stwierdzonymi w bazach DNA i daktyloskopijnych, a następnie powiązać je z danymi kryminalnymi. Projektowany system umożliwia odnajdywanie związków oraz analizę i graficzną wizualizację stwierdzonych sieci powiązań pomiędzy osobami, śladami oraz przestępstwami, wraz z przedstawieniem ich na mapie.
EN
Forensic biometric databases are an out of court tool to support the work of law enforcement agencies. They are used to detect the perpetrators of crimes, indicate the connections of a person with previously committed crimes, and allow the identification of living persons and corpses with unknown identity or individuals trying to hide their identity. In police practice, among the methods of identification of living persons and corpses, fingerprint and DNA tests are mainly used. These two forensic areas are supported by such tools such as AFIS (Automatic Fingerprint Identification System) and CODIS (Combined DNA Index System). These are the main police systems operating within two datasets, namely the dactyloscopic dataset and the DNA dataset. The systems are operating in two different locations of the Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police (CFLP). This results in the processing of individual biometric data independently of each other at different times and locations (Fingerprint Examination Department and Biology Department). Currently, there is no comprehensive approach to the collection and processing of biometric data such as fingerprints, DNA or facial images. To improve the exchange of information between police authorities, in July 2019, the Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police submitted a project application, and on 25 November 2019 signed with the National Center for Research and Development the grant agreement no. DOB – BIO10/09/01/2019 for the implementation and financing of the project in the area of state defense and security (competition no. 10/2019) entitled “Development of a technologically advanced information system enabling automated processing of information collected in forensic biometric databases for the purpose of combating crime or identifying people – acronym “BIOMETRIA”.
PL
Kryminalistyczne biometryczne bazy danych stanowią pozaprocesowe narzędzie wspomagające pracę organów ścigania. Służą do wykrywania sprawców przestępstw, wskazywania związków danej osoby z wcześniej popełnianymi przestępstwami, a także umożliwiają identyfikację osób i zwłok o nieznanej tożsamości lub osób próbujących ukryć swoją tożsamość. W praktyce policyjnej spośród metod identyfikacji osób i zwłok wykorzystuje się przede wszystkim badania daktyloskopijne i badania DNA. Te dwa obszary kryminalistyki dysponują narzędziami takimi jak AFIS (Automatyczny System Identyfikacji Daktyloskopijnej) i CODIS (Combined DNA Index System). Są to główne systemy policyjne funkcjonujące w ramach dwóch zbiorów, a mianowicie zbioru danych daktyloskopijnych i zbioru danych DNA. Organizacyjnie zbiory te znajdują się w dwóch różnych lokalizacjach Centralnego Laboratorium Kryminalistycznego Policji. Skutkuje to tym, że przetwarzanie poszczególnych danych biometrycznych odbywa się niezależnie od siebie w różnym czasie i miejscu (Zakład Daktyloskopii i Zakład Biologii). Obecnie brakuje kompleksowego podejścia do pobierania i przetwarzania danych biometrycznych takich jak linie papilarne, DNA czy wizerunek twarzy. W celu usprawnienia wymiany informacji między organami Policji w lipcu 2019 r. Centralne Laboratorium Kryminalistyczne Policji złożyło wniosek, a 25 listopada 2019 r. podpisało z Narodowym Centrum Badań i Rozwoju umowę nr DOB – BIO10/0 /01/2019 o wykonanie i finansowanie projektu realizowanego na rzecz obronności i bezpieczeństwa państwa w ramach konkursu nr 10/2019 pt. „Opracowanie zaawansowanego technologicznie systemu informatycznego umożliwiającego zautomatyzowane przetwarzanie informacji zgromadzonych w kryminalistycznych biometrycznych bazach danych w celu zwalczania przestępstw lub identyfikacji osób” o akronimie „BIOMETRIA”.
EN
Cytogenetics is complementary to genetic and molecular analysis of genome structure and function. From the beginning it has been mainly used for identification of chromosomes and karyotype construction. Most significant for the progress in cytogenetics was development of chromosome banding techniques and in situ hybridization, especially fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and its different modifications which have become the most important techniques in molecular cytogenetics. FISH allows physical gene mapping and localization of different non-coding DNA sequences on chromosomes and interphase nuclei. Repetitive DNA sequences can generate unique FISH-signal patterns on individual chromosomes valuable for karyotyping and phylogenetic analysis. These studies have important implications for basic research and practical applications. The understanding of the structure, function, organization and evolution of genomes enabled many new cytogenetic applications to both medicine and agriculture, particularly in diagnosis and plant breeding.
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.