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Funkcja historii w zakonie dominikańskim oraz czynniki kształtujące pamięć historyczną dominikanina w średniowieczu

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Zonenberg S.

Sensus Historiae. Studia interdyscyplinarne

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2012

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issue 4(9)

119-142

EN

The point of the Dominicans, creating a historiographic work, was not only to establish facts from the past but also to combine the historical and the didactic elements, with the latter playing the decisive role. It was connected with sermons preached by the Dominicans, written with the use of history handbooks, among others. General chapters encouraged to independent writer’s work, which was highly valued at the order. Most frequently, the Dominicans created monumental chronicles of the world, but also the gesta of secular and ecclesiastical rulers, chronicles of cities and states. Besides providing materials for sermons, their task was also to search for and to disseminate the truth, since only in the truth one could recognize God’s intentions, which was so important for everyone at that time. At the Dominicans, chronology was a fragment of the history of the world and the history of salvation. Thus in historiography, they didn’t see the part artes (in the medieval theory of literature, historiography was subordinated to rhetoric and grammar) but the provider of true and adequate information for the writing of sermons, which were to lead towards the Creator (thus the Dominican turn to the past had a pragmatic foundation). It is obvious that making use of different type historical works during preparation of sermons had a significant influence on the shape of individual historical memory of the Dominican (the monastic rule and general chapters did not interfere in the selection of reading of this type, leaving a free choice). It’s also worth considering whether other factors occurred in the Dominican order besides this factor, which had an influence on the shape of the Dominican’s historical memory (group and individual memory). In our opinion, there were several factors. Noteworthy are the official biographies of St Dominic and other works depicting the history of the order’s founder, which were eagerly read, and some of them were required reading (individual) for the Dominicans and novices. Other works were—at least in Western Europe—Legenda aurea by Jacobus de Voragine and Bonum universale de apibus by Thomas de Cantimpré. During meals (recitatio ad mensam) the monastic rule, numerous lives of the saints, as well as works on the congregation’s history the order had in a great number used to be read. The obligatory curriculum of the studies adopted by the general chapter was steeped in historical content. The foundation of the Dominican studies—to which all brethren-priests were pledged throughout their life—was the Bible, being in principle ”the great historical epic” of the Israelites. At provincial schools of theology and general studies, one of the main books for required reading was Historia scholastica by Petrus Comestor, which is a synthesis of Biblical history from the creation of the world to the Ascension. Different types of encyclopaedic works were also eagerly used, e.g. works containing the whole historical knowledge of the Middle Ages, for example Speculum historiale by Vincent of Beauvais. When listing the factors shaping the memory one cannot omit the memorias, i.e. collective or individual prayers of monks said for salvation of the dead (and living) fellow monks and benefactors (memoria mortuorum et benefactorum). These people were remembered, writing them down in special books. In the Dominican order, prayers of this type were an important part of liturgy, which is proved by a separate chapter of their constitution entitled De anniversariis devoted to these matters. Prayers for the dead during liturgy did not exclude individual memories, which soon brought to the establishment of special church services for specific dead persons (missae pro defunctis). This type services were exceptionally popular in the Middle Ages amidst the Dominicans. Since the church’s high altar was considered to be devoted to matters concerning the entire commune, church services for the dead were celebrated by side altars. Due to the fact that in the early Middle Ages these side altars were consecrated and as a rule had a martyr as their patron saint, with the passage of time memorias were merged with the worship of these saints. This led to the formation of a strong community with the saints (communio sanctorum), and the vita of a worshipped canonized martyr—living in the specific past—aroused the monks’ curiosity, who wanted to acquaint themselves with their and the believers’ patron saint and advocate. In our opinion, all the above-named factors had an influence on the shape of the monks’ historical memory. Due to the services accepted by their community, one can call the Dominican brethren-priests carriers of special memory, in which—besides the Bible—memoria mortuorum connected with communio sanctorum played—as it seems—the most important role.

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Liturgické rukopisy italských dominikánů z akvizice olomouckého arcibiskupa Theodora Kohna

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Hrbáčová J., Červenka S.

Studie o rukopisech (Manuscript Studies)

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2012

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vol. 41

57-91

EN

This article analyses six Northitalian Dominican liturgical codices with musical notation held by the Archbishop Library of the Kroměříž Castle which were bought in Vienna by Theodor Kohn, the archbishop of Olomouc, in 1895. Three of them are antiphonaries, three psalteries which bring evidence of the musical state of liturgy in the Lombardian Dominican Province from the 14th century´s first decennies until the 18th century. Four of them (nrs. 1–4) are valuable documents of the Northitalian illumination of the 14th – 17th centuries of Bononian and Ferrara´s circuits.

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The priories of the Dominican Order in medieval Transylvania

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Lupescune-Mako M.

Tortenelmi Szemle (Historical Review)

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2004

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vol. 46

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issue 3/4

339-384

EN

At the time of the arrival in Transylvania of the first mendicant order - the Dominicans - in 1241, religious orders had been present in the principality for almost a century and a half. The first Latin-rite religious order to settle in Transylvania, the Benedictines, came in the eleventh century, and they were followed at the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries by the Cistercians and in the first half of the thirteenth century by the Premonstratensians. During the period prior to the Mongol invasion, the Teutonic Order also made its appearance in Transylvania. In Transylvania (as also in Hungary), the Dominican order sought to establish itself in each of the major economic and political centres. Transylvania could serve as a good point of departure for the order's missionary activities: for instance, their attempts to convert the pagan Cumanians. The Dominicans liked to settle on the outskirts of towns or close to areas with the greatest amount of traffic (at the gates of cities, close to markets, etc). The friaries of the Dominicans in Transylvania counted as relatively old ones. Four of the nine friaries already existed before 1300 (Szeben: 1241, Gyulafehérvár: 1289, Segesvár: 1289, Alvinc: 1300), and we have data for an additional four friaries in the first quarter of the fourteenth century (Beszterce: 1303, Szászsebes: 1322, Brassó: 1323) and for the remaining two friaries at the end of the fourteenth century (Kolozsvár: 1397) and at the end of the fifteenth century (Udvarhely: 1496). The Dominican convents - with one exception (Szeben: 1502) - are first mentioned in the sources in the second half of the fifteenth century (Kolozsvár: 1450, Brassó: 1474, Beszterce: 1485, Segesvár: 1497). It should be noted that we do not know the exact year of foundation of the friaries/convents.. The only exceptions to this are the friaries of Szászsebes and Brassó. The general chapter in Vienna decided upon the establishment of the friary of Szászsebes in 1322, while the Brassó priory was established following a decision of the general chapter in Barcelona. Just seven of the original fourteen Dominican friaries/convents in Transylvania are still standing today. Archaeological research has been carried out at two of the building complexes - at Alvinc and at Udvarhely. The great number of pious donations proves that the friaries exerted significant influence by tending for the urban flock. Although their role in the process of urbanisation was not great, the Dominican friaries and convents contributed greatly to the consolidation of the ecclesiastical network of institutions in Transylvania. Indicative of the flexibility of the order was its ability to recognise the altered requirements of urban society and its patrons among the local nobility, and to respond to the challenge.

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ThDr. Pavel Škrabal OP – autor díla, které nemohlo být završeno

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Černuška P.

Studia theologica

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2005

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vol. 7

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issue 4

26-31

EN

The article gives an overview of the career of Czech biblist Vladimir Pavel Skrabal OP. We can summarize his life in the following dates: on 1 Nov 1904: born in Babice u Uherskeho Hradiste; on 26 Sept 1923: takes the first vows; on 9 Jul 1928: ordination (Rome); on 15 Jul 1928: his first mass (Babice); on 22 Jun 1929: licentiate (Angelicum, Rome); on 31 May 1930: doctorate (Angelicum, his doctoral thesis: De connexione inter resurrectionem Christi et nostram); from 1930: takes part in education of Dominican clerks in Olomouc; from 1931: occasional correspondent of theological review 'Na hlubinu'; in 1935: sent to Ecole Biblique et Archeologique Française de Jerusalem; during the Second World War: after the closure of Czech universities worked as substitute professor for diocesan seminarists; in 1948: publishes a translation of the New Testament into Czech (imprimatur was awarded on 21 May 1948); on 13 Apr 1950: interned; 5 Sept 1950-28 Feb 1951: clothes-presser in Kraliky; 1 Mar-27 Jul 1951: clothes-presser in Osek; 28 Jul 1951-27 Aug 1952: warehouseman in the glass factory Union in Duchcov; 28 Aug 1952-15 Dec 1955: worker in the forest and field in the state farm in Zeliv; after his release from internment: worked briefly as warehouseman in Frydek, then as maintenance man in the House for abandoned children in Mistek; May-July 1959: worked in hospital; after 1959: in Restaurants and Eating rooms in Ostrava; in the beginning of 1962: his health got extremely worse; in 1963: operation at the beginning of the year, needs permanent treatment, prosecution of State Security - StB (suspected of obstruction of state control of the Churches); on 16 Feb 1964: dies in Mistek; on 20 Feb 1964: buried in Olomouc.

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Szkolnictwo konwentualne i partykularne w strukturach polskiej prowincji dominikanów XIV stulecia. Nowe ujęcie w świetle nowych źródeł

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Gałuszka T.

Roczniki Historyczne

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2012

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vol. 78

191-211

EN

The author presents new findings about the conventual and particular schools in the Polish provice of Dominicans in the 14th century on the basis of fragments of records of the Opatowiec chapter from 1384 (which were discovered by Thomas Kaeppela in Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München/Munich in 1977), analyzed by himself in 2012. He shows, among other things, that in the light of these new data the standard view often repeated in the literature about the alleged weakness of the Polish system of educaction as compared to the Western part of the Order should be discarded. Polish Dominicans owned at least 25 particular schools: 8 – studia artium, 8 – studia naturarum, 9 – studia theologiae. At the current stage of research for the 14th c. 54 conventual lecturers and 35 lecturers in particular schools (artium, naturarum, theologiae) are known. The most developed system of particular education had three divisions (contrata, natio) of the province: Silesia, Little Poland and Prussia. As much as 85% of all Polish provincial schools were located those three regions. The analysis of the relationship between the number of monasteries in a given division and the number of schools active in the area shows the dominant position of Silesian and Prussian communities in the 14th c. Polish province. According to the author this was closely related to the wider activities of the Dominicans of German nationality (mainly from Silesia) with the purpose of moving the centre of the province from Cracow to Wrocław.

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VYBRANÉ ASPEKTY KOMUNIKAČNEJ STRATÉGIE DOMINIKÁNOV NA PERIFÉRII LATINSKÉHO KRESŤANSTVA S PRIHLIADNUTÍM NA UHORSKÉ KRÁĽOVSTVO V PRVEJ POLOVICI 13. STOROČIA

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Hunčaga G. P.

Konštantínove listy

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2023

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vol. 16

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issue 2

45 - 67

EN

In the 13th century, the main bearers of evangelizing activities on the periphery of Latin Christianity were the mendicant orders. Their indisputable advantage in this area was their organization built on a regional basis through provinces, which allowed them to be in direct contact with the local environment. This created a channel of communication between the papal curia and the mendicants as executors of the curial vision of the needs of the Church even in the most remote regions of the contemporary Christian world. This, of course, was also reflected in the development of the Dominicans‘ own communication strategy. Its portfolio in the Kingdom of Hungary in the first half of the 13th century consisted mainly of the following three aspects. The first was a certain written self-interpretation directed at the Order itself, especially in connection with the devastating invasions of the Tartars. It was reflected in a specific reflection of Dominican action in an environment with criteria of periphery. The second was the building of facilities in the form of a sophisticated network of communities on the frontier of Latin Christianity, and finally the third aspect was language and mobility. In the case of both mentioned, the specific Dominican legislation played a significant role, which was carried from the centre of the Order to its periphery.

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Od vědecké exegeze k psaní beletrie. Biblické romány Vincenta Zapletala OP

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Petráček T.

Studia theologica

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2009

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vol. 11

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issue 3

48-62

EN

Fr Vincent Zapletal OP (1867-1938), a Czech Old Testament scholar, is one of the most important pioneers of the historic-critical method in catholic exegesis. As with many others, even he had to search for another field of interest during the era of modernist crisis. During the 1920s, Fr Zapletal published six biblical novels, written in German, in which he gave an account of the lives of the great figures of the Old Testament: Moses, David, Joseph. The paper studies the motivation for writing these novels, their literary qualities, the censorship of the novels and the reception of the novels after they were published.

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DOMINIKÁNSKE ŠKOLY AKO PREDCHODKYNE UNIVERZÍT NA ZAALPSKOM ÚZEMÍ SACRUM IMPERIUM ROMANUM VO VRCHOLNOM A NESKOROM STREDOVEKU

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Hunčaga G.

Studia Historica Nitriensia

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2017

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vol. 21

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issue 1

32 – 66

EN

The territory of the Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Imperium Romanum) had been relatively buzzing with hustling educational activity since the Carolingian era. However, a certain deficit of a qualitative alternative to the university centres, well-known during the High Middle Ages from the other parts of that time Europe, had been present till the foundation of the university in Prague in 1348. Within the German speaking territory of Sacrum Imperium Romanum the mendicants monastic schools (general and particular studies) sui generis had been featured as the immediate predecessor of the local universities, at least in particular cases within the theological field. Before the foundation of the Charles University in Prague, 28 establishments, conceived as studies, are supposed to have existed in the Central Europe area. Mostly Dominicans in their general study in Cologne, formally founded in 1248, meant to be probably the most international and the best educated entity in the German territory, in the most numerous urban commune of that region. The Dominican school of that place earned the international respect mostly thanks to the work of Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas, although the gap between the foundation of the general study and the constitution of the university (University privileges for the city of Cologne were delivered by Urban VI on 21st May 1388 in Perugia) accounted for long 140 years. Even the activities of the latter university took place in the local Dominican and Franciscan convent premises. In the area of the Teutonic Dominican province, there supposed to be two or three schools educating their scholars in the lower – logical – degree of philosophical foundations on the particular, so called provincial schools level. About the year 1284 Teutonia was said to keep already seven of the artistic schools in Regensburg, Basel, Worms, Würzburg, Leipzig, Neuruppin and Halberstadt at its disposal. Later in the 14th century there were far more of different types of Dominican particular studies (comp. the table n.). The effective structure of the Dominican studying centres was highly developed and rationally organized, due to that fact, it became a fundamental part of the posterior educational background, in which the university was definitely established within the beyond the Alps territory Sacrum Imperium Romanum in the second half of 14th century.

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MEDIEVAL DOMINICAN SERMONS TO CHILDREN. WILLIAM OF TOURNAI'S SERMONES AD PUEROS IN SCHOLIS (Sredniowieczne dominikanskie kazania do dzieci. Wilhelma z Tournai Sermones ad pueros in scholis)

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Galuszka T.

Roczniki Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 77

35-50

EN

The literature related to the problem of the child in the Middle Ages is quite extensive. The exception is the topic closely connected to the Dominican officium praedicationis, namely sermons to children. The author discusses two sermones ad pueros found in the thirteenth century treatise De instructione puerorum by the Dominican William of Tournai. The sermons are typical model sermons (sermones moderni), the purpose of which was to supply Dominican preachers with schemas and proposals of sermons which were said by them to the youngest pupils in the scholae attached to monasteries.

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Początki dominikanów w Polsce według Liber beneficiorum Jana Długosza na tle najstarszych żywotów św. Dominika

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Spież J. A.

Roczniki Historyczne

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2012

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vol. 78

51-82

EN

Among the many pieces of information about Dominicans recorded by Jan Długosz in his works, there is the introduction to the description of the endowment of the Holy Trinity Dominican monastery in Cracow and following it a list of provincials during the years 1225-1478 (in: Liber beneficiorum dioecesis Cracoviensis, vol. III). This quite extensive, as compared to other mentions in the works of Długosz, text forms a short history of the beginnings of the order’s activity in Poland. The picture presented there differs from the version established in mid-14th c. and current later which is found in the Life of St. Hyacinth. It also contains reliable but later forgotten information about brother Gerard of Wrocław who became provincial in 1225 and sent brothers to new monasteries. Comparing this description with Libellus de principiis ord. Praedicatorum written by Jordan of Saxony (first half of the 13th c.) and with the oldest lives of St. Dominic shows that they formed the pattern for its author, most probably from mid-13th c. This relation was certainly used by Długosz. Such ideas could not appear in the times of Długosz when the cult of St. Hyacinth was spread as the founder of the province and miracle maker.

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RECATHOLISATION OF EASTERN LATVIA: INFLUENCES UPON THE HERITAGE OF CHURCH ARCHITECTURE AND ART (Austrumlatvijas rekatolizacija un tas ietekmetais baznicu arhitekturas un makslas mantojums)

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Kaminska R.

Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei

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2008

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vol. 7

31-46

EN

Changes in confessional structure and influences should be taken into account by scholars dealing with culture and art. This heritage, in its turn, is an important reflection of the processes going on in cultural history, the actually tangible and analysable entity of phenomena in architecture and art both in particular regions and in Latvia in general. Largely because of this we can speak of regional specificity in Latvia's artistic culture that is rooted in history but retains its significance till our days. These differences stand out quite clearly in various regions of Latvia. The origins of peculiar traits are complicate enough to be reduced to confessions of religion. Still this aspect coincides with the culture researcher Andrejs Johansons' thesis on the process of acculturalisation and the role of church in the regional life in Latvia. It has influenced the ideas of the variation: the familiar and the alien (different) in cross-regional assessment. These differences in Latvia have been historically conditioned by two processes - Reformation and recatholisation. They had not passed by Eastern Latvia as well (meaning the present territory of Latgale and partly Augszeme). The 16th century Reformation involved the entire territory of Latvia, but recatholisation was most successful in this particular part of Latvia. The 17th-18th century artistic heritage reflects and largely typifies precisely this difference of sacred culture, creating a sort of paradigm already then: tradition in the choice of church building prototypes (specific spatial solutions), typical furnishing of premises (involving the masters of fine and applied arts), and a certain tradition in selection of artistic impulses.

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Funkcja historii w zakonie dominikańskim oraz czynniki kształtujące pamięć historyczną dominikanina w średniowieczu

Liturgické rukopisy italských dominikánů z akvizice olomouckého arcibiskupa Theodora Kohna

The priories of the Dominican Order in medieval Transylvania

ThDr. Pavel Škrabal OP – autor díla, které nemohlo být završeno

Szkolnictwo konwentualne i partykularne w strukturach polskiej prowincji dominikanów XIV stulecia. Nowe ujęcie w świetle nowych źródeł

VYBRANÉ ASPEKTY KOMUNIKAČNEJ STRATÉGIE DOMINIKÁNOV NA PERIFÉRII LATINSKÉHO KRESŤANSTVA S PRIHLIADNUTÍM NA UHORSKÉ KRÁĽOVSTVO V PRVEJ POLOVICI 13. STOROČIA

Od vědecké exegeze k psaní beletrie. Biblické romány Vincenta Zapletala OP

DOMINIKÁNSKE ŠKOLY AKO PREDCHODKYNE UNIVERZÍT NA ZAALPSKOM ÚZEMÍ SACRUM IMPERIUM ROMANUM VO VRCHOLNOM A NESKOROM STREDOVEKU

MEDIEVAL DOMINICAN SERMONS TO CHILDREN. WILLIAM OF TOURNAI'S SERMONES AD PUEROS IN SCHOLIS (Sredniowieczne dominikanskie kazania do dzieci. Wilhelma z Tournai Sermones ad pueros in scholis)

Początki dominikanów w Polsce według Liber beneficiorum Jana Długosza na tle najstarszych żywotów św. Dominika

RECATHOLISATION OF EASTERN LATVIA: INFLUENCES UPON THE HERITAGE OF CHURCH ARCHITECTURE AND ART (Austrumlatvijas rekatolizacija un tas ietekmetais baznicu arhitekturas un makslas mantojums)