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EN
The paper presents the transformations in the ethnic, language and denominational structures of the population of Poland during the last century. The first census was carried out in independent Poland in 1921. It showed the ethnic and denominational composition of the population inhabiting the newly established Polish state. The subsequent census, carried out in 1931, accounted for two criteria of ethnicity: mother tongue and religious denomination. The results of these two censuses form the basis for interpretation. The author confirms the opinion that in the inter-war period Poland was a country with numerous ethnic minorities, among whom relations were quite differentiated and frequently led to confrontations. The subsequent part of the report concerns the situation during World War II. In this period the political and administrative boundaries were undergoing changes. Polish territories were under the German and Soviet occupation. This brought about various migration movements, in which ethnic criteria played an essential role. Demographic losses affected primarily the Jewish population. This issue is accounted for in a particular manner. The author presents the balances of demographic changes according to various political and territorial settings. The following part of the paper is devoted to the ethnic situation after 1945. Poland became, in its new boundaries, a mono-ethnic country, in which population of Polish nationality and Roman Catholic denomination dominates clearly. The final part presents the results of the census carried out in 2002. The data from this census showed that Poland was at that time inhabited by 38,230,100 people. Of those, 36,983,700 declared Polish nationality. There were 471,500 people who declared a different nationality, that is - merely 1.2% of the total population. Over the 20th century there has been an extremely deep change in the ethnic character of Poland. Resulting from the border changes and political migrations Poland is nowadays a mono-ethnic country, with complete supremacy of the population of Polish nationality, speaking Polish language and belonging to the Roman Catholic Church.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia zasady i przebieg przesiedleń ludności do Polski od podpisania traktatu brzeskiego w 1918 r. do roku 1924. Omawia zatem całość przesiedleń, od ich zainicjowania przez instytucje Rady Regencyjnej Królestwa Polskiego do oficjalnego zakończenia repatriacji w niepodległej już Polsce. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono repatriacji po traktacie pokojowym w Rydze między Polską i Rosją, ze względu na jej największe rozmiary i znaczenie dla kształtow ania struktury narodowościowej II RP. W artykule zostały wykorzystane istniejące opracowania na ten temat. Przedstawiono również szacunki statystyczne dotyczące wpływu repatriacji na strukturę narodowościową II RP, w tym zwłaszcza na zwiększenie liczebności mniejszości narodowych w ówczesnych województwach północno-wschodnich, do których napłynęła zdecydowana większość repatriantów i reemigrantów. Główną tezą artykułu jest założenie, że repatriacja do Polski została przeprowadzona na odmiennych zasadach niż dokonujące się równolegle i w następnych dekadach przesiedlenia ludności likwidujące skutki konfliktów zbrojnych i wytyczania nowych granic w Europie. Została bowiem oparta nie na kryterium więzi narodowej, lecz na związku z zamieszkiwanym wcześniej terytorium. W efekcie jako jedyne masowe przesiedlenie ludności aż do lat 90. XX w. była repatriacją wieloetniczną, w której większość przesiedlonych była innej narodowości niż naród tytularny w państwie przyjmującym.
EN
The article presents the principles and course of resettlement in Poland in the period from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 until 1924. Therefore, it discusses the entirety of resettlement, since its initiation by the institutions of the Kingdom of Poland to the official end of the repatriation in independent Poland. Particular attention has been dedicated to the repatriation after the peace treaty in Riga between Poland and Russia, due to its largest size and importance in shaping the ethnic structure of the Polish Second Republic. The article uses existing studies on this subject. It also presents statistical estimates on the impact of the repatriation on the ethnic structure of Poland, in particular on the increase of the number of minorities in the north-eastern provinces which together accounted for the vast majority of returnees and immigrants from Soviet Russia. The main thesis of the article is the assumption that the repatriation to Poland was carried out on different principles than those which took place parallelly and in the next decades, eliminating the effects of armed conflicts and the demarcation of new borders in Europe. The discussed repatriation process was based not on the criterion of nationality, but on the connection with previously inhabited territories. As a result, up to the 1990s post-World War I repatriation to Poland was the only multinational mass repatriation in which the majority of the resettled people were of other nationalities than the nominal nation in the receiving state.
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