Search results

1

Trudne dziedzictwo - luterańskie zabytki w kościołach mazurskich. Zarys problematyki konserwatorskiej na wybranych przykładach

100%

Arszyńska J., Gogolin M.

Biuletyn Historii Sztuki

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2008

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vol. 70

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issue 3-4

407-433

EN

Initially the Authors present the history of Reformation in East Prussia and briefly discuss the influence it has exerted on the furnishing of local churches, pointing out to the most characteristic elements of interior design. The following paragraph describes in brief the direct and undirect consequences of WWII on these terrirories. Having discussed the general situation, the Authors illustrate the issues presented by means of detailed description of three selected case-stories: family gallery in the church at Łankiejmy (Ger.: Langheim), an open-work baptismal screen in the parish church in Marianka (Ger.: Marienfelde), and the pulpit-retable of an altar in Galiny (Ger.: Gallingen). In the conclusion, the Authors draw reader’s attention to the diversity of multiple issues – ethical, aesthetic, technical, psychological and social ones, that should be taken into account by art conservators in their pursuit for solution that would respect and thus would allow for the preservation of a unique richness and variety of values represented by such historic monuments and their sacred interiors.

2

Za północnym kordonem. Prusy Wschodnie w myśli politycznej polskiego obozu narodowego w latach 1918-1939

80%

Meller A.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2010

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issue 1(13)

189-211

EN

This article focuses on the question of Eastern Prussia in Polish national camp political thought of the the frist half of the 20th century. The author presents disparity between the presence of Eastern Prussia in publications of national camp and the historical and strategic meaning Prussia for Poland.

3

„[…] warum schläft denn nimmer nur mir in der Brust ein Stachel?” Ernst Wiecherts Prosawerk der 30er Jahre

80%

Gajdis A., Jahrhunderts im Institut für Germanistik U. W.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica

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2015

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vol. 11

EN

Ernst Wiechert’s prose written in the 1930s is best symbolized by Friedrich Hölderlin’s poem "Abendphantasie" (1799), in which the persona describes his loneliness and resignation, describing them as a thorn in his chest. The question of the identification of these feelings with the East Prussian writer is a major problem raised in the article. Wiechert certainly belongs to the group of writers associated with the so called Inner Emigration, and the studies by Herbert Wiesner, Ralf Schnell, Reinhold Grimm and Friedrich Denka support this thesis. Also, the method developed by Hubert Orlowski allows us to include or exclude literary works from inner emigration literature. This method turns out to be helpful in the interpretation of Wiechert’s works. Moreover, the question of Wiechert’s position on National Socialism is considered, which is full of contradictions, as well as his coming close to the Inner Emigration. On the basis of selected prose works created in the 1930s (e.g. "Die Hirtennovelle", "Die Majorin"), the writer’s evolution from the ‘breakthrough of grace’ to becoming an inner emigrant will be presented. Particularly noteworthy are some relevant themes in his works such as World War I, the mother figure as a prefiguration of the ‘Great Mother’ myth, the writer’s stand on National Socialism or the Mazurian landscape.

4

ORGANISIERTE ERINNERUNG. EIN BEITRAG ZU ENTSTEHUNGSGESCHICHTE UND FUNKTIONEN DER KRIEGSCHRONIK DER PROVINZ OSTPREUSSEN

70%

SAPAŁA B.

Studia Ełckie

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2015

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vol. 17

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issue 3

255-268

EN

At the beginning of the First World War, numerous propaganda operations were conducted in Germany to strengthen national and local identity, including war exhibitions as well as writing and publishing wartime memories. In 1914, the Governor of East Prussia, Adolf von Batocki-Friebe, and a specially ap-pointed committee developed the concept of a chronicle that would document the wartime history of the Province. The task of collecting data and materials for the chronicle, which was supposed to be largely based on the individual experiences and memories of inhabitants, required a huge organizational effort, including the creation a bureaucratic machine. The concept of the chronicle and the stages of the writing process are presented in the first section of the paper, based on source materials and documents. The subsequent sections focus on the functions the chronicle was to fulfill according to its originators, and on the unintended effects and consequences that stemmed from the original concept.

5

Geneza i erygowanie parafii katolickiej w Ełku na początku XX wieku

70%

Jodkowski M.

Studia Elbląskie

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2015

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vol. 16

7-22

EN

In 1852, a meeting of Catholics from Lyck/Ełk and the surrounding areas was convened. The representatives of the Bishop of Warmia and of the St. Adalbert Association also participated in it. A decision was made to tax the local community in order to create a pastoral institution in the town. The first priest of Ełk was Nikolaus Rochon, who was nominated on 22 May 1853. Then a property in the suburbs of Ełk was bought, where a presbytery was organised and a chapel was built. It was consecrated on 15 October 1854. In mid 1880s, it was decided that a new plot of land should be bought in order to build a church. The construction work on the plot of land was commenced in 1892. Finally, a Neogothic church was constructed. It was dedicated to St. Adalbert and the Transfiguration of Jesus by Edward Herrmann, the suffragan bishop of the Warmia Diocese. A catholic parish with full rights was founded on 31 March 1903. The priest of Ełk, Josef Langkau, celebrated Catholic services in Prawdziska and other places. In 1905 a priest, Konrad Majewski, was nominated in the village. The functioning of the pastoral institution in Ełk depended on the financial help of Church associations and organisations, particularly the St. Adalbert Association and the St. Boniface Association, which operated in the Warmia Diocese area under the name of the Saint Boniface and Adalbert Association.

6

Purda Wielka na Warmii - tożsamość miejsca

70%

Sakson A.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2016

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issue 2(359)

231-247

EN

Purda, also known as Purda Wielka is a rural commune located in the district of Olsztyn in the territory of historical Warmia. This village community was the object of sociological field studies in 1948 and then again in the years 2005-2006. Based on the accumulated empirical material an analysis of place identity was done understood as an emotional link of the inhabitants with their environment. From the study it follows that all the inhabitants of Purda have a strong place identity manifested in satisfaction from the place of residence and especially from socio-cultural contacts and the natural surroundings.

7

Dzieje katolickiej placówki duszpasterskiej w Gołdapi w XIX i pierwszej połowie XX wieku

70%

Jodkowski M.

Studia Ełckie

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2013

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vol. 15

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issue 3

305-319

EN

In the XIX. and the first half of the XX. century Gołdap belonged to those towns where the Catholic diaspora was surrounded by a substantial majority of Evangelicals. Masses have been celebrated there since 1884. In 1892 Catholic efforts were started to create an independent pastoral institution. For that pur-pose, a plot of land was bought where a church was to be built. The construction plans were prepared by Jobsky, a master bricklayer from Gołdap. By December 1893, the church was constructed in a rough state. The investment was sup-ported by Catholics from Warmia and other dioceses, as well as by some or-ganizations, particularly the Boniface Association in Paderborn. On 16. August 1894, Eduard Lilienweiβ was appointed as the first priest of Gołdap and the church was consecrated on 9. September 1894. Its dedication, led by the Bishop of Warmia Andreas Thiel, was held on 25. June 1895. The church was dedi-cated to Saint Leo the Great and Saint Boniface. Catholic services were deliv-ered by the priest from Gołdap to other places, including Darkiejmy (currently Oziorsk) and Węgorzewo (since 1900). In 1890 738 Catholics were covered by the Gołdap pastoral service, and in 1938 there was 650 of them. The authorities of the diocese and church organizations (like the Boniface and Adalbert Asso-ciation in Frombork) participated in financing priests in Gołdap.

8

Stowarzyszenia czeladnicze

61%

Sokołowska E.

Studia Elbląskie

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2014

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vol. 15

43-60

EN

This article has the goal to present the development of Catholic journeyman organizations in Warmia from 1848 until the outbreak of the First World War. He relies primarily on reports in the press of the 19th Century as well as archival material. In this paper wasdescribed the history of these associations, and then the social organizations in Warmia, taking into account their education, their governing bodies, as well as the time and place of the meetings held and the development of initiatives in favor of the intellectual, moral, and professional development of young men. Soon the extent of the popularity of this organization has been lit among the young craftsmen and among believers of local parishes. Furthermore, the role of the Catholic clergy in the establishment of journeymen associations was examined. Finally, structural bonds of Warmia organizations with headquarters in Germany were analyzed.

9

Kultura fizyczna mniejszości polskiej w Prusach Wschodnich

61%

Wójcik Z., Boraczyński T.

Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu

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2015

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vol. 50

16-23

EN

Background. Due to Friedrich Ludwig Jahn’s gymnastic movement founded in 1811, physical culture in Germany, including East Prussia was widely promoted. Numerous sports fields popularized the values of physical activity among young people. Many other sports disciplines later emerged from the gymnastic movement. Material and methods. The research questions concerned the processes of development of physical culture in Warmia and Mazury in the time of East Prussia and the importance of the remaining sports facilities built by the German population for the development of the sports movement after World War II when the area had become Polish territory. Conclusions. Due to the research results, it is possible to conclude that the sporting traditions of Warmia and Mazury – with the support of few Warmians, Mazurians and a handful of German ancestry citizens – were continued mainly by Polish settlers and repatriates after the end of military actions. There were only the defunct sports facilities that survived the war.

10

Exil als Heterotopie. Die Dimensionen der Inneren Emigration und des Exils am Beispiel des literarischen Schaffens von Ernst Wiechert

61%

Kardach M.

Studia Germanica Posnaniensia

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2016

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issue 37

149-163

EN

Ernst Wiechert (1887-1950) was an East Prussian-born author who remained mentally related to the natural and cultural landscape of that region. The relation was very strongly reflected in almost all his literary work. The article deals with defining what forms and spaces of emigration and inner emigration are specific to Wiechert. It positively verifies the present state of research which treats Wiechert as the representative of inner emigration. The article also indicates new spaces of emigration (heterotopia according to Michel Foucault's definition) and inner emigration of Wiechert by careful analysis of his autobiographical texts and literary work

DE

Ernst Wiechert (1887-1950) was an East Prussian-born author who remained mentally related to the natural and cultural landscape of that region. The relation was very strongly reflected in almost all his literary work. The article deals with defining what forms and spaces of emigration and inner emigration are specific to Wiechert. It positively verifies the present state of research which treats Wiechert as the representative of inner emigration. The article also indicates new spaces of emigration (heterotopia according to Michel Foucault's definition) and inner emigration of Wiechert by careful analysis of his autobiographical texts and literary work.

11

Wspomnienia i pamiętniki więźniów obozów niemieckich oraz robotników przymusowych w Prusach Wschodnich w zbiorach biblioteki Instytutu Północnego im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie.

61%

Figura-Osełkowska E.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2020

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issue 3(309)

404-447

EN

The list of memoirs and diary materials concerning prisoners of German camps and forced labourers in East Prussia, located in the library of the North Institute of W. Kętrzyński in Olsztyn was drawn up on the basis of the current library catalogue based on the study of Zbigniew Fras – Diary materials in the collection of the W. Kętrzyński Scientific Research Centre in Olsztyn. Which are an addition information collected mainly on special harvest located in library of North Institute after year 1985. The purpose of this thematic summary was primarily to collect and update the documentation to the current state of knowledge, to explain the differences between the study of Fras, the catalogue and the facts, and to correct the noted errors.

12

Subjects of the empress. Wider context of regional history education on East Prussia and identity processes in contemporary Kaliningrad oblast

61%

Zieliński M. J.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2018

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issue 50

EN

Subjects of the empress. Wider context of regional history education on East Prussia and identity processes in contemporary Kaliningrad oblastPolitical, economic and social changes brought about by the dissolution of the Soviet Union have had a significant impact on Kaliningrad Oblast, the empire’s westernmost territory of geostrategic importance. Formerly belonging to the German province of East Prussia, the region was meant to become Sovietised completely. The end of the Cold War led to a complete bankruptcy of such policies. At the turn of the 80s and 90s the emergence of a grass-roots interest in the officially forbidden parts of the Oblast’s history made the question of the relation between its pre-war and post-war past up-to-date. Its topicality was strengthened after the 2005-2006 commemorations of founding the city of Königsberg and Kaliningrad Oblast, in which both central and regional authorities were heavily involved. This paper aims at identifying how elements of the history of East Prussia have been selected, interpreted and incorporated into the regional history education course books in contemporary Kaliningrad Oblast. It argues that the growing criticism of the course books’ contents has been related to Russia’s domestic situation since the 2012 presidential election and the tensions with the West after 2014. Both events have hastened the process of forming and cementing the so-called new Russian conservatism which has had a growing influence on the Baltic semiexclave. Poddani cesarzowej. Szeroki kontekst regionalnej edukacji historycznej na temat Prus Wschodnich a procesy tożsamościowe we współczesnym obwodzie kaliningradzkimZmiany polityczne, gospodarcze i społeczne spowodowane rozpadem Związku Sowieckiego wywarły głęboki wpływ na obwód kaliningradzki, najdalej wysunięty na zachód obszar imperium o dużym znaczeniu geostrategicznym. Obwód, wcześniej wchodzący w skład niemieckich Prus Wschodnich, miał zostać całkowicie zsowietyzowany. Koniec zimnej wojny doprowadził do bankructwa takiej polityki. Na przełomie lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych pojawienie się oddolnego zainteresowania oficjalnie zakazanymi częściami historii obwodu spowodowało, że pytanie o stosunek między jego przeszłością przedwojenną i powojenną stało się bardzo aktualne. Ten stan został wzmocniony po uroczystościach związanych z założeniem miasta Królewiec i obwodu kaliningradzkiego w latach 2005-2006, w które zaangażowały się zarówno władze centralne, jak i regionalne. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu prześledzenie, w jaki sposób elementy historii Prus Wschodnich zostały wybrane, zinterpretowane i włączone do podręczników poświęconych historii regionu we współczesnym obwodzie kaliningradzkim. Autor argumentuje, że rosnąca krytyka treści podręczników związana jest z sytuacją wewnętrzną Rosji po wyborach prezydenckich w 2012 roku oraz rosnącymi napięciami w stosunkach z państwami zachodnimi. Obydwa wydarzenia przyspieszyły proces kształtowania i krzepnięcia tak zwanego nowego rosyjskiego projektu konserwatywnego, który wywiera coraz większy wpływ na bałtycką półeksklawę.

13

PROBLEMY Z KLASYFIKACJĄ OBIEKTÓW MAŁEJ ARCHITEKTURY NA PRZYKŁADZIE POMNIKA WOJENNEGO W DŁUGOBORZE

61%

KUPRJANIUK S.

Studia Ełckie

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2015

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vol. 17

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issue 3

225-236

EN

Across the geographical landscape of Warmia one can point numerous architectural objects which exist as war memorials and were built in honour of the Warmia inhabitants fallen during the World War I. However, among them there are also objects which architecture is convergent with the one of the Warmia wayside shrines as far as the material used for building – bricks, and their Gothic Revival style. Longterm studies confirmed that some of the shrines accepted by the state departments of cultural heritage protection are indeed war memorials. This clear example of misunderstanding within architectural types classification was observed in Długobór. The article and the conducted proof explanation are dedicated to this object. The reason for classification of the shrines, this one and similar objects on Biesowo, Lubomino, Lutry and Tolkowiec was removing commemorative and military elements from these objects, although such elements were initially endowed with those emblems. Explaining the problem of the Długobór memorial classification was the first step towards further researches regarding various forms of the war memorials in Warmia.

14

Przemoc i bezprawie w okresie zasiedlania południowej części byłych Prus Wschodnich w latach 1945–1946

61%

Gross R.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2022

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vol. 87

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issue 2

89-116

EN

This article is devoted to the negative phenomena that accompanied the process of settlement in the southern areas of East Prussia, which was incorporated into Poland in 1945. Violence, robbery, and pillage committed by the Polish population from the border areas of the Second Polish Republic, who unlawfully entered the territory of the former East Prussia, entailed long-term social and economic consequences in the southern areas of Warmia and Masuria. So far, this issue has only been mentioned in works devoted to the settlement processes in Warmia and Masuria. The purpose of this article is to examine the course and effects of the aforementioned phenomena, whose particular intensity was noted between 1945 and 1946. The text is based on a critical analysis of unpublished archival sources of local and central administration, including materials produced by local structures of the Public Security Bureau. The research was supplemented by an analysis of printed sources and memoirs. The findings made it possible to investigate and describe the involvement of the officers of the Citizens’ Militia and the Public Security Bureau in the acts of violence, robberies and pillage in Warmia and Masuria, which have not been previously accounted for in literature. As it turned out, the majority of these officers came from the same areas as the so-called ‘wild settlers’ and looters.

15

Dni świąteczne diecezji warmińskiej w XIX wieku

61%

Jodkowski M.

Forum Teologiczne

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2013

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vol. 14

91-102

EN

After the announcement of the papal bull De salute animarum in 1821, apart from the issue of reorganization of the diocese, the state authorities were concerned with the introduction of a general Prussian order of festive days that would be valid in every parish. The task of developing a project of such a list of holidays was assigned to the future Bishop of Trier – Josef von Hommer. He prepared a proposal of ten holidays only. This number was regarded as unsatisfactory by the Catholic bishops of the so-called Old Prussian dioceses. Giving an opinion on the above-mentioned project, the Bishop of Warmia, Joseph Hohenzollern, presented a list of thirteen religious festivals which were to become official state holidays. Regardless of the negotiations in progress, the inhabitants of the Diocese of Warmia in the mid-1930s celebrated Christmas, Easter, two days of Pentecost, New Year, the Ascension Day, the Epiphany, the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Annunciation, Saint Adalbert’s Day (Day of Penance), Corpus Christi, Saint Peter and Paul Day, All Saints’ Day, the Immaculate Conception and Saint Andrew the Apostle Day. The order of these festivals, announced as a papal brief in 1788, was approved by King Frederick William II. Other holidays celebrated in the Diocese of Warmia were the so-called “vowed days” (gelobte Tage). They were introduced before the incorporation of Warmia to the Kingdom of Prussia. They usually occurred on weekdays, when no work regarded as menial was done. In some places, the church celebrations were accompanied by a pilgrimage. In 1838, the celebration of the “vowed days” was moved to the Sundays immediately following them.

16

O istocie gromadkarstwa mazurskiego

61%

Kozłowski J. B.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2019

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issue 2 (304)

218-242

EN

After the Reformation Masurians as subjects of the rulers of the first evangelical state in the world became Lutherans. Over time, the inhabitants of the southern areas of Easy Prussia and the so- called Lithuania Minor felt the lack of the deepened spirituality, which they did not find in the evangelical church. Through the settled in Gąbin (Gumbinnen) exiled from the area of Salzburg pietist Evangelists in Masuria, “The six books on True Christianity” by John Arndt appeared. The book, after the Bible and the Small Catechism of Luther became the most popular among people of Masuria. The first piety movements appeared in Masuria in the county of Nidzica and Szczytno at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. However their true upturn took place from the 1840s. It manifested itself in running home services, prayer meetings- so-called “beads” and increased activity of travelling preachers. In the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century, The Gromadkar movement comprised between 30 and 80% of the Masurian population. The centre of the Masurian clusters was located near Szczytno, Pisz and Mrągowo. Registered in 1885 by the Prussian Lithuanian Christopher Kukat , the East Prussian Evangelical Prayers Association which with the help of its bilingual (German Lithuanian) paper Pakajaus Paslas/ Friedens- Bote gave the organizational framework to the East Prussian clusters. At the turn of 19th and 20th centuries, the Gromadkar movement reached its apogee, also spreading among the Mazurian workers’ communities in the Ruhr. Since the First World War, there has been a gradual stifling of the movement, which in the Nazi era entered agonal phase. The key to understanding the world of clusters is the “Six Books on True Christianity” by John Arndt, in which he creates a kind of bridge between Luther’s teachings and the writings of the Rhine mystics of Master Eckhart, John Tauler and Henry Suzo, giving Mazurians directions for spiritual growth. It was supposed to rely on “Six Books” to deny yourself, to reject your own ego, to seek contact with God, indicating as the goal the union with God. The uniqueness of the Gromadkar movement consisted in going beyond the Lutheran principle of “justification by faith” and entering the ground of Christian mysticism unknown to the Evangelical doctrine, which happened through the work of Arndt. An additional aspect that opens up in this context is the Slavic and Lithuanian spirituality and the sensitivity of the crowd, without which undoubtedly it would not be possible to practice mysticism on the basis of the Evangelical religion.

17

Tożsamość miejsca na przykładzie Warmii – studium przypadku

61%

Sakson A.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2019

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vol. 74

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issue 2

137-152

EN

The aim of the article is to present the role of Polish minority school in interwar period in East Prussia (a part of Germany) in the life of the local population. Sociological field research conducted in two Warmian villages (Purda and Leszno) in the years 1948, 1983, 2005–2006, and 2016 has shown that Polish minority school was and still is an important element of Warmian identity of place.

18

Dzieje katolickiej placówki duszpasterskiej w Morągu w XIX wieku

61%

Jodkowski M.

Studia Elbląskie

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2013

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vol. 14

85-94

EN

The first Catholic Mass in Morąg was celebrated on 17th October 1869 by the priest Anton Gerigk. Since then, he celebrated religious services in that place four times a year. One of the places of worship was an inn called “Gasthof zur Ostbahn”. The priest August Blank from Miłakowo made efforts to buy real property that would be the basis for the building of a mission station in the town. Catholic services in Morąg were resumed in 1884 (after a 4 years’ break) by the priest Anton Malies from Pasłęk. The permission to build a chapel and a presbytery was obtained on 29th October 1888. The investment was launched in 1892, but, due to the lack of funds, the plans to build the presbytery were temporarily abandoned. The architectural plans were created by Otto, head of the planning and building office from Chojnice. The foundation stone of the new temple in Morąg was laid on 3rd August 1892, and the dedication of the church to Saint Joseph took place on 4th October 1893. In 1899, the building of a presbytery was commenced in the town. Stephan von Lipinski was appointed as the first priest in Morąg. The parish was founded on 25th November 1903. The said pastoral institution was supported financially by, among others, the Boniface Association in Paderborn.

19

Od pruskiego Eichamtu do polskiego Urzędu Miar. Przyczynek do dalszych badań nad administracją miar na Warmii, Mazurach i Powiślu (1868-1966)

51%

Roguszka R. T.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2023

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vol. 321

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issue 2

231-254

EN

The aim of the article is an attempt to present the history of measurement in the lands of the former East Prussia, now Warmia and Mazury, in the years 1868 - 1966. The article outlines the introduction of the metric system in the emerging German Empire and East Prussia, as well as the expansion of the metric offices which fell to Poland in the post-war years. The expansion of the Polish weights and measures administration and its post-war problems are also presented. Everything was enriched with many interesting illustrations to make the reader even more curious. The article is certainly not exhaustive due to the scanty amount of source materials, which the author is aware of, but it will certainly be a beginning for further research and scientific studies.

PL

Celem artykułu jest próba przedstawienia dziejów miar na terenach dawnych Prus Wschodnich, a obecnie Warmii i Mazur, na przestrzeni lat 1868 - 1966. W artykule nakreślono wprowadzanie systemu metrycznego w powstającym Cesarstwie Niemieckim i Prusach Wschodnich oraz rozbudowę sieci urzędów miar, które w powojennych latach przypadły Polsce. Przedstawiono także rozbudowę polskiej administracji miar oraz jej powojenne problemy. Wszystko zostało wzbogacone o szereg ciekawych ilustracji, by jeszcze bardziej zaciekawić czytelnika. Artykuł z pewnością nie wyczerpał tematu z uwagi na skąpą ilość materiałów źródłowych, czego autor jest świadom, jednak z pewnością będzie on przyczynkiem do dalszych poszukiwań i badań naukowych.

20

Straty materialne diecezji warmińskiej w czasie pierwszej wojny światowej

51%

Jodkowski M.

Forum Teologiczne

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2015

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vol. 16

EN

The expansion of the Russian army in the area of East Prussia during World War I caused damage to an unprecedented extent. The damage affected 35 towns and 900 rural communities. Numerous church buildings which belonged to the Warmia Diocese suffered as a result of military actions and plundering. Substantial losses were noted with regard to Catholic churches in Krosno, Szczytno, Ełk and Bilderweitschen. The effects of hostilities around religious buildings in Kobułty, Olsztynek and Klon, as well as the mission house in Pisz, were also noted. Presbyteries in Gołdap, Opaleniec, Bilderweitschen, a house for retired priests in Krosno, as well as parish houses in Szczytno and Gryźliny, were burned. Safe deposit boxes and church money boxes were ransacked and emptied. The plundering of church and parish buildings, as well as the confiscation of chattels and livestock were common. Money exchange rates were unfavourable for the conquered nation, which led to the forced sale of produce to the occupier at lowered prices. The produce came from local farms, including parish farms. Both German military troops and the enemy’s armed forces were responsible for the financial losses which affected church buildings of the Warmia Diocese. The local populace also participated in acts of plundering more than once. The reconstruction of the destroyed buildings began immediately after the Russian army left East Prussia.

PL

Ekspansja wojsk rosyjskich na obszary Prus Wschodnich w czasie pierwszej wojny światowej spowodowała zniszczenia na niespotykaną dotąd skalę. Dotknęły one 35 miast i 900 gmin wiejskich. Wśród nich znalazło się wiele budynków kościelnych należących do diecezji warmińskiej, które ucierpiały wskutek działań militarnych oraz grabieży. Znaczne szkody odnotowano przy świątyniach katolickich w Krośnie, Szczytnie, Ełku i Bilderweitschen. Ślady działań wojennych stwierdzono również przy obiektach sakralnych w Kobułtach, Olsztynku, Klonie, a także przy domu misyjnym w Piszu. Spłonęły plebanie w Gołdapi, Opaleńcu, Bilderweitschen, dom księży emerytów w Krośnie oraz budynki parafialne w Szczytnie i Gryźlinach. Włamywano się i opróżniano sejfy oraz skarbony kościelne. Powszechnym zjawiskiem było plądrowanie budynków sakralnych, jak i parafialnych, konfiskata obiektów ruchomych oraz żywego inwentarza. Stosowano niekorzystny dla podbitej ludności kurs wymiany pieniężnej, wskutek czego wymuszano sprzedaż płodów rolnych na rzecz okupanta po zaniżonej cenie. Pochodziły one z gospodarstw rolnych, w tym również parafialnych. Odpowiedzialność za straty materialne przy budynkach kościelnych diecezji warmińskiej spoczywała zarówno na niemieckich jednostkach militarnych, jak też siłach zbrojnych nieprzyjaciela. W grabieżach niejednokrotnie brało udział miejscowe pospólstwo. Odbudowa zniszczonych obiektów rozpoczęła się bezpośrednio po opuszczeniu przez wojska rosyjskie Prus Wschodnich.

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