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EN
The article presents the results of an analysis which attempts to identify the most important factors determining changes in the Polish economy's internationally competitive position compared to the other new member states of the European Union (EU-10) in the years 2004-2017. The hypothesis that, among the EU-10 states, Poland belongs to those where varied effects of membership have clearly occurred has been put forward. This has greatly influenced the formation of the internationally competitive position of the economy. In the research, analysis of the secondary data concerning the pillars of the economy's competitiveness specified in the Global Competitiveness Report has been applied. This has been compiled by the World Economic Forum. The article ends with a summary of the most important conclusions drawn from the presented analysis. (original abstract)
EN
The hypothesis of this paper is that there is a link between the degree of income inequality and the competitiveness of the economy. Results highlight that various causal mechanisms may operate in both directions. It means that sometimes equality is positively correlated with the competitiveness (i.e. with trust and development of with social capital) and in some cases inequality may be positively correlated with productivity or innovativeness. It depends (among many things) on the scale of inequality and the mentality of the given society.
XX
Celem opracowania jest segmentacja krajów Unii Europejskiej, wykorzystująca ocenę ich konkurencyjności i atrakcyjności. Może ona stanowić instrument wspomagający decyzję dotyczącą lokalizacji przestrzennej działalności przedsiębiorstwa. Badania wskazują na brak wyraźnej zależności między konkurencyjnością gospodarki, a jej atrakcyjnością kosztowo-popytową dla inwestorów zagranicznych. Wszystkie kraje o bardzo konkurencyjnej gospodarce (z wyjątkiem Luksemburga) wykazały niską atrakcyjność kosztowo-popytową. Spowodowane to było wysokimi kosztami pracy i niską dynamiką popytu. Natomiast państwa nisko konkurencyjne osiągają wysoki lub przynajmniej średni jej poziom. Dla przedsiębiorstw prowadzących działalność w gospodarce o niskiej lub średniej konkurencyjności, kraje bardzo konkurencyjne okazały się nieatrakcyjnymi rynkami docelowymi. Segmentacja krajów Unii ze względu na czynniki konkurencyjności i poziom atrakcyjności kosztowo-popytowej wskazała, że państwa bardzo konkurencyjne cechuje zazwyczaj relatywnie niska atrakcyjność kosztowo-popytowa. Natomiast kraje mniej konkurencyjne oferują niższe koszty pracy i obciążenia fiskalne, a zapewniają wyższe tempo wzrostu popytu. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
The objective of the thereby study is the segmentation of the European Union countries based on the assessment of their competitiveness and cost-demand appeal. It may constitute a subsidiary instrument in decision taking on the spatial location of a given enterprise activities. The results of research mark no significant interrelation between economy competitiveness and its cost-demand appeal for foreign investors. All countries characterized by a very competitive economy (except Luxembourg) presented low cost-demand appeal. It resulted mainly from high labour costs and low dynamics of demand. On the other hand low competitive economies obtain high or at least medium level of cost-demand appeal. For companies running business activities in a low or medium competitive economy very competitive ones turned out to be unattractive target markets. The segmentation of European Union countries with regard to competitiveness factors and cost-demand appeal pointed to the fact that very competitive economies are mostly characterised by a relatively low cost-demand appeal. While less competitive economies offer lower labour costs and fiscal burdens, ensuring higher demand increase rate. (original abstract)
PL
Bariery pozataryfowe mają coraz większy wpływ na zmiany konkurencyjności gospodarek. Barierami są m.in. przepisy fitosanitarne, normy techniczne, regulacje administracyjne. Ich rola w handlu światowym rośnie, gdyż kraje rozwinięte wprowadzają coraz więcej utrudnień w wymianie. Autorka omawia ich znaczenie dla konkurencyjności gospodarki, zwłaszcza polskiej. Analizuje też negocjowaną umowę TTIP oraz jej przewidywane skutki.
EN
Non-tariff barriers have more and more impact on the change of the economies’ competitiveness. To these barriers belongs (among others): sanitary and phytosanitary measures, technical barriers, administrative regulations. Their role increases in the world trade because the developed countries introduce more and more discrimination measures. The author shows their meaning for the economy competitiveness, especially the Polish one. She analyses the TTIP contract and its foreseeing results, too.
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyze the development of the competitive position of Central European countries - Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary - in the light of international competitiveness rankings between 2004 and 2014. The hypothesis put forward here is that these countries' membership in the European Union contributed to improving their competitive position. The paper consists of three parts. The first one presents selected definitions of international competitiveness, coined both by economists and international organizations. Next, selected international competitiveness rankings are discussed, as well as the methods of constructing them.(original abstract)
EN
This article is dedicated to the economic mechanism of the dynamic sea port logistic (transport) cluster in the economy of the Odessa region. The need to transition to the new cluster structures and their implementation into the Ukrainian economy is caused by the high degree of efficiency, as well as the influence, which the ports and logistics businesses have on the economy of the country. In this paper, models of influence of transport and logistics companies in the form of cluster on the effectiveness of foreign economic activity of the Odessa region are associated with the State Enterprise "The Odessa Sea Commercial Port". The results can be used at sea ports, transport and logistics, and other industrial enterprises, as well as to create sea port dynamic clusters. Defined and described in the paper models and mechanisms are universal, so they can be used for the calculations to improve the efficiency of foreign economic activity in different regions.
XX
Celem artykułu jest porządkowanie krajów Unii pod względem cech określających zasoby kapitału ludzkiego i intelektualnego oraz określenie miejsca Polski w rankingu. Spośród wielu metod wielowymiarowej analizy porównawczej w pracy wykorzystano metodę standaryzowanych sum.
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