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1
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Manifesto of the Epicurean Philosophy of Life

100%
Wesoły M. A.
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
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2019
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vol. 10
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issue 1
85-102
EN
Epicurus’ philosophy grew out of his life experiences, contacts, polem­ics, journeys and other activities. Apart from such great works as the monumental On nature (Peri phuseôs) in 37 books, Epicurus authored also various extracts (epitomai), principle doctrines, sayings and letters. The letters, while addressed to many students and friends, were for him a very important tool of propagating his own philosophy. Epicurus’ fascinating Letter to Menoeceus can be regarded as a manifesto of his philosophy of life. In historiography, it is often characterized as an expo­sition of his ethics, even though Epicurus probably did not use the term himself. To better capture the composition and spirit of this work, the Greek text of the letter has been somewhat rearranged here: for the sake of clarity, ample spaces and special paragraphs have been provided, and appropriate headings have been introduced in the Polish translation.
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Polemika przeciwko polemice. Plutarcha krytyka epikureizmu

89%
Łapiński K.
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal
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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 2
211-221
PL
Polemic against polemics. Plutarch’s attacks on Epicureanism Plutarch’s attitude toward Epicurean philosophy is extremely hostile. According to him, at the core of Epicureanism is subversiveness, an attempt to attack the most fundamental components of Greek culture: traditional morality, religious beliefs, educational, and political commitment. Moreover, the Epicureans were the only philosophers in antiquity who openly criticised Socrates, first and foremost for his εἰρωνεία and “unreasonable” death. In the article, the main tenets of Epicureanism, as well as Plutarch’s polemical efforts, are centered around the figure of τετραφάρμα-κος, or the “fourfold remedy”.
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The Influence of Aristotelianism, Epicureanism, Cynicism, and Stoicism on Human Life in the Early Church

88%
Baron A.
Theological Research. A Journal of Systematic Theology
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2015
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vol. 3
25-42
EN
This article deals with the issue of ancient Greek models of life proposed by Aristotle, Epicurus and the Stoics. The author tries to describe how and which of these models were assimilated by Christian society during the first centuries and which were rejected. The purpose of this article is to show how important Aristotle’s, the Stoics and Epicurus’ philosophy was for Christians in the advancement of the Christian lifestyle among the Greek societies. Understanding the development of theology in the early Greek Church requires knowledge of the ideals and values that shaped the thinking and behavior of people before they heard about the Gospel of Jesus.
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The Epicurean Views on the Human Soul in Lucretius’ De Rerum Natura

75%
Eliopoulos P.
Dialogue and Universalism
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2015
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issue 1
30-37
EN
Epicurean physics elaborates on a system of universal kinetics as regards the crea-tion of the world. One of the main principles is that there is no genesis without motion. The human being, as all other beings, is the product of the motion of atoms within the cosmic void. Due to a sudden swerve in the motion of some atoms, it can be upheld, according to the Epicureans and Lucretius, that there is no determinism in the universe and the human being is capable of free will. The atomic motions and the swerves also take place in the space of the human soul. Lucretius, in the De Rerum Natura, follows with precision the content of the Epicurean dogmas, and divides the soul into an irra-tional part, which he calls anima, and a rational one, animus, according to the distinc-tion between ψυχή and διάνοια.
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Przyjemność w filozofii starożytnej: Platon, Arystoteles, Epikur

63%
Płotka M.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2022
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issue 11
53-64
EN
The integral concept of pleasure seeks the answer to the question what various experiences of pleasure have in common. While contemporary philosophy partially capitulates before responding to this question, the integral and unifying concept of pleasure, ancient philosophers eagerly took up this thread and tried to elaborate on the essence of experience or the state of pleasure so as to be able to indicate its essential and inalienable element in various experiences. The aim of the paper is to present the three greatest concepts of pleasure in ancient philosophy: Platonic, Aristotelian and Epicurean. Although at the root of all three concepts is the same question and the same research problem to be solved (i.e. “what is pleasure in its essence”), the answers to this question were quite different. For Plato, pleasure is some kind of change in the soul or body (kinesis), he emphasized the nature of pleasure as a process. Aristotle, in turn, recognized pleasure not as a process, but as an activity, more precisely as a quality built on activity. The views of both philosophers can be considered “metaphysical”, i.e. they sought to answer the question about pleasure in terms of the nature and structure of this experience. Many scholars of ancient thought find inspiration for these concepts in ancient medical thought, especially the doctors of Hippocrates and Polybus of Kos. Similar influences are noted in the case of Epicurus’s concept of pleasure: although we would consider his concept as ethical rather than metaphysical, the relationship between Epicurean philosophy of pleasure and medicine is twofold. On the one hand, like Aristotle and Plato, he was influenced by the medical thought regarding the explanation of the nature of pleasure and pain, on the other hand, the influence of epicureanism, e.g. on medieval Arabic medical thought.
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Mageiros Sofistie: the learned cook in Athenaeus’ Deipnosophistaied the ancients

63%
Stuligrosz M.
Classica Cracoviensia
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2015
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issue 18
363-376
EN
Within the category of “cultural humour” applied by Athenaeus in his Deipnosophistai, a special place is assigned to the speeches of stock mageiroi, who seek to obtain theoretical knowledge in various disciplines and to apply it to culinary art. By drawing on fragments from Middle and New Comedy of the 4th century BC, Athenaeus creates a specific “canon” of sciences and of “high” arts, which the cook, who pretends to the title of a sage or a philosopher, has to study, consisting of philosophy, geometry, arithmetic, medicine, music, astronomy, architecture and military strategy. The way the author of Deipnosophistai casts the mageiros as an intellectual can be read as a play on the definition of a sophist. The learned cook, who appears to be a product of the sophistic model of education, based on the mathematical quadrivium introduced by Plato, resembles Athenaeus’ characters, who practice some of the very same disciplines he has studied.
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Epikur i wino

63%
Jaworska M.
Język. Religia. Tożsamość
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2022
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issue 2 B (26)
113-125
PL
Sympozjon był przedmiotem dociekań wielu autorów. Plutarch w Zagadnieniach biesiadnych (Plut. Quaest. conv. I, 612d-e) podaje, że najbardziej sławni myśliciele mieli zapisywanie dysput przy stole za godne literackiego wysiłku i trudu. Do grona tych, którzy potrafili czerpać użytek z wątków sympozjalnych zaliczył Platona, Ksenofonta, Arystotelesa, Speuzypposa, Akademika Diona, Prytanisa, Hieronima, a co najważniejsze – Epikura. Kompozycja epikurejskiego Sympozjonu jest całkiem inna od dialogu platońskiego, co nie uszło uwadze już twórcy Uczty mędrców, czyli Atenajosowi. Przypuszczalnie różni się on niemało także od arystotelesowskiego Sympozjonu. Zauważalny brak zamiłowania do wina u hellenistycznego myśliciela przyczynił się nie tylko do propagowania nowej postawy wobec tego trunku, ale i do radykalnej zmiany samego gatunku biesiadnego.
EN
The symposium has been the subject of research by many authors. Plutarch, in Quaestiones Convivales (Plut. Quaest. conv. I, 612d-e), states that the most famous thinkers considered it worthy of literary effort, to write down disputes at the table. He included Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, Speusippus, Dion, Prytanis, Hieronymus and, most importantly, Epicurus among those who were able to make use of symposium threads. The composition of the Epicurean Symposium is quite different from the Platonic dialogue, which has not escaped the attention of the author of The Deipnosophists , Athenaeus. Presumably, it also differs quite a bit from Aristotle’s Symposium. The noticeable lack of passion for wine at the Hellenistic thinker contributed not only to the promotion of a new attitude towards this drink, but also to a radical change in the convivial genre itself.
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ESCHATOLOGIA I EPIKUREIZM W STAROŻYTNYM ŚWIECIE: JULIAN KUŁAKOWSKI O LUDZKIEJ NATURZE W MITOLOGII GRECKO-RZYMSKIEJ

51%
Puczkow A.
Rocznik Lubuski
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2016
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vol. 42
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issue 2
189-202
EN
Julian A. Kułakowski (1855-1919), Professor of the Roman rhetoric on the Imperial St. Włodzimierz’s University, Russified Pole, gave two public lectures in Kiev, one was about Lucretius (in 1887), the second one about Epicurus (in 1889). In 1899 he published the book titled: "Death and immortality in the ancient Greeks’ images". Taken together, they are probably the first in the Russian humanities historico-philosophical views that concern the process of the integration of the form of Greco-Roman world view into eschatology and epicureanism at that time, views that at the turn of the XIX and XX century were moderated by decadent (tu brakuje słowa w polskim abstrakcie) of the intellectuals of the Silver Age. In the article, on the basis of archives, careful reading and analysis of different contexts, the problematics of the history, theory of origin and functioning in the mythico-poetical space of this epoch was elaborated. The article shows the way in which Kułakowski reconstructs the ancient idea of human being based on the mythical attributivity, wherein human being functions integrally and exhaustively in both: the realistic world, and in the afterlife. This situation results from the specific corporality figure construed on the basis of the myth, corporality that has different levels and embraces the body, as well as the soul, and finally it allows this human soul to continue the existence in the afterlife.
PL
Julian A. Kułakowski (1855-1919), profesor rzymskiej retoryki, Cesarskiego Uniwersytetu Św. Włodzimierza, zrusyfikowany Polak, wystąpił w Kijowie z dwoma wykładami publicznymi: o Lukrecjuszu (1887) i Epikurze (1889). W 1899 roku opublikował książkę „Śmierć i nieśmiertelność w wyobrażeniach starożytnych Greków”. Rozpatrywane łącznie, teksty te są prawdopodobnie pierwszymi w rosyjskiej humanistyce historyczno-filozoficznymi poglądami dotyczącymi procesu włączenie form światopoglądu grecko-rzymskiego do ówczesnej eschatologii i epikureizmu, które na przełomie XIX-XX wieku zostały złagodzone dekadenckimi intelektualistów Srebrnego Wieku. W artykule na podstawie materiałów archiwalnych i uważnej lektury i ponownego odczytania kontekstów rozpatrzono problematykę historii i teorii ich powstawania oraz funkcjonowanie w mityczno- poetyckiej przestrzeni postgutenbergowskiej epoki. Artykuł ukazuje jak Kulakowski rekonstruuje antyczną wizję człowieka zbudowaną na atrybutywności mitycznej, w której człowiek integralnie i całościowo funkcjonuje zarówno w świecie i w rzeczywistości pozagrobowej. Wynika to ze specyficznej, ukonstytuowanej na micie, figury cielesności, która posiadając różne poziomy jakościowo obejmuje zarówno ciało jak i dusze, pozwalając duszy ludzkiej kontynuować istnienie „po śmierci”.
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Metateoria historii woli. Rozważania o powstaniu i wczesnym rozwoju pojęcia woli od V w p.n.e. do Maksyma Wyznawcy

38%
Bizoń M.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2017
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vol. 65
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issue 3
71-51
PL
W tekście omawiam metateoretyczne uwarunkowania dla historii powstania i rozwoju pojęcia wolnej woli. Punktem wyjścia jest zagadnienie pojęcia spekulatywnego. Ponieważ wola jest pojęciem spekulatywnym, nie ma jednoznacznej definicji tego pojęcia. Dlatego też utrudnione jest badanie jego historii, ponieważ autorzy starożytni operowali różnymi teoriami chcenia i wolności, które nie zawsze były ze sobą kompatybilne. Następnie omawiam teorie chcenia i działania wybranych autorów, które miały istotny wpływ na późniejszy rozwój pojęcia woli. Rozpatruję pojęcie wyboru Platona, pojęcia życzenia i wyboru Arystotelesa, pojęcie przy­zwo­lenia stoików, teorię wolności Epikura, teorię wyboru Aleksandra z Afrodyzji, pojęcie woli Augustyna z Hippony i teorię woli Maksyma Wyznawcy.
EN
In the text, I discuss the metatheoretical aspects of a history of the origins and development of the notion of free will. I begin with the notion of a speculative concept. Since the will is a speculative concept there is no unequivocal definition of this notion. For this reason the study of the history of this notion is particularly difficult, since ancient authors have operated on dif­ferent theories of willing and freedom, which were not always mutually compatible. Next, I dis­cuss the theories of willing and action of select authors, that had a significant influence on the later development of the theory of the will. I discuss the notion of choice in Plato, the notions of wish and choice in Aristotle, the notion of assent in the Stoics, the theory of freedom of Epicurus, the theory of choice of Alexander of Aphrodisias, the concept of will in Augustine of Hippo, and the theory of will in Maximus the Confessor.
10
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Osoba ludzka jako „byt relacyjny” – antropologiczne fundamenty eklezjologii Soboru Watykańskiego II

26%
Choromański A.
Studia Teologii Dogmatycznej
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2015
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vol. 1
EN
In this article the Author proves existence of an intrinsic and inseparable connection between anthropology and ecclesiology. The necessity of the Church as a community of believers can be demonstrated not only by the will of God explicitly expressed in the Holy Scriptures, but also by an anthropological analyses of the very nature of man, who is a social being opened towards God and towards other human beings. In the first part of the article, referring to a long philosophical tradition dating back to pre-Christian times and ending in the modern era, the Author illustrates by many examples the social dimension of human nature deliberately ignoring the biblical data and the teaching of the Magisterium. In the second part, he shows how the Conciliar teaching on the human person based on the Revelation remains in harmony with philosophical, anthropological and scientific arguments depicting human person as a relational (social) being. In the third part of the article, the Author demonstrates the correlation of the Conciliar teaching on the Church as community with anthropological data. The necessity of the Church can be justified not only by the authority of God (Revelation), but also by reflecting on the man’s nature (anthropology). Individualistic conception of faith, to which the Second Vatican Council wanted to react by its ecclesiology of communion, not only does not correspond to the biblical teaching, but also runs counter to the rational thinking on the human person who, in the light of diff erent sciences, is a relational being.
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