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EN
Due to the questions concerning the Silesian autonomy it seems important to estimate whether and to what extend Silesians constitute a national minority. National minorities differ in terms of culture, language, religion, as well as in the sphere of economy. Analyses of the records of the year 2002 allow to confirm the existence of such differences of the people declaring Silesian nationality. It can be seen on the job market, not only in comparison with the inhabitants of other parts of Poland, but also in the Silesian and the Opole voyevodship.
EN
The paper points out the importance of autobiography as a significant form of literary development. It is characterised by its main and typical features from the point of view of the most influential cultural thinkers. It expresses the general meaning of (chosen) individuality in the background of contemporary context and versatile (determined, diverse) contacts. By such an object, it comes to the axiom that it is a kind of (re) presentation of the world, the period, creative people and their efforts in the cultural, literary, prosaic field. After general observations, the paper deals with the Kulpín native Albert Martiš (1855 - 1918), a prominent figure among the Slovaks in Serbia; then a resident, citizen, teacher, minority author within the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. It mentions the author's work, his memories of childhood and school years, but also his contemporary life. Based on this, it also reflects on unusual themes and portrayals of artistic material from the aspect of Martiš's short story-making. It analyses his versatile cultural-enlightening activity, with emphasis on his autobiographical features and short stories. This type of memoir literature presents Albert Martiš - according to literary criticism - from his best creative side. At the same time, the article interprets, from an objective-subjective point of view, his commemorative prose with autobiographical elements entitled Memories of the Lower Land Revival. Based on the documentary character of this work, the text analyses surroundings, social situations and prominent cultural and literary “workers” of the time. With special regard, it emphasizes the life and work of Albert Martiš, his gradual confirmation of education, morality and character, of course, in the background of the examined prototexts. The paper points out the most typical features of this segment of his literary work in the mentioned short stories, in which their specific diversity (even characteristic) is particularly interesting. The interpretation method from the position of perceptive reading presents various (concrete) elements of autobiography, which not only derive the typical features of Albert Martiš´s author idiolect, but also the overall social "atmosphere" of the Lowland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In this way, the individual and collective memory of the past is being concretised at present, thanks to the interpreted prose, which is in fact a kind of media in various contexts of the cultural-literary tradition of all of us (also in the future).
XX
Przeanalizowano dane dotyczące struktury ludności w Niemczech. Zwrócono uwagę na liczbę obcokrajowców w Niemczech, ich rozmieszczenie, skład etniczny, starania o obywatelstwo.
EN
The occurrence of national minorities had not practically appeared in Germany till the 1950s. In 1990 on the area of western Germany there had resided 5241,8 thousand foreigners.The number of foreigners in Germany decreased in 2000 by .6 procent (in 1999 it increased by .3 procent . Later, in the year 2000 there were 7296817 foreigners in Germany; 3959290 males and 3337527 females. A person who lives on the territory of Germany but does not possess a German nationality is considered a foreigner. The citizens of a foreign origin make between 5 and 9 per cent of the population in Germany. In this relation Germany places itself on the 5th position in Europe, after Luxembourg, Switzerland, Belgium and Austria. Over a quarter of the foreigners in Germany come from Turkey. Nowadays, about 30 procent of the foreigners have lived in Germany for twenty or more years. Half of the people have stayed there for over t en y ears.Later, in the year 2000, the number of the foreigners in the whole amount of the German population was 8,9 procent (in 1999 it was 9 procent, in comparison to Austria where it was 9,4 procent Switzerland- 19,7 procent and Poland- about 4 procent In today 's German social and economic life there is not practically a sphere in which a foreigner cannot be met. (original abstract)
XX
Celem opracowania jest charakterystyka rozmiarów oraz struktury emigracji ludności do RFN oraz określenie czynników wypychających i przyciągających emigrantów stałych i czasowych do RFN, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem okresu transformacji ustrojowej (1989-1999). (fragment tekstu)
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