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PL
This paper examines highly paid academics – or “top earners” – employed across universities in ten European countries based on a large-scale international survey data of the academic profession. It examines the relationships between salaries and academic behaviors and productivity, as well as the predictors of being an academic top earner. While in the Anglo-Saxon countries the university research mission traditionally pays off at an individual level, in Continental Europe it pays off only in combination with administrative and related duties. Seeking future financial rewards through research does not seem to be a viable strategy in Europe – but seeking satisfaction in research through solving research puzzles is also getting difficult, with the growing emphasis on “relevance” and “applicability” of research. Thus both the traditional “investment motivation” and “consumption motivation” for research are ever-harder to be followed, with policy implications. The primary data come from 8,466 usable cases. This paper examines change processes in Western Europe and in Poland (in a European context) and its main reference point is American higher education scholarship; it is, on the theoretical plane, the founder of the conceptual frameworks to study academic salaries, and, in practical terms, the US science systems heavily draws on European scientific talents.
EN
In recent years, the evaluation of research conducted in European universities has become a significant problem. The growing concern for the quality and evaluation of research conducted at universities highlights the importance of university rankings, especially global rankings. The aim of the paper is to identify the network system of Polish universities of economics among their European counterparts belonging to the same networks, and indicate the positions of Polish universities within these networks. The study used a network approach to analyse the connections of European universities using university networks. The networks enable the visualization of complex, multidimensional data and provide statistical indicators for interpreting the resultant graphs. The analysis is exploratory in its nature and uses visualisation techniques of social network analysis (SNA), multidimensional scaling (MDS), principal component analysis (PCA), and Eigen-model network analysis (ENA). The analysis covered 150 universities of economics in Europe and 11 university networks. Network analyses were performed with the R program. The paper presents different methods that allowed for the identification of network systems of Polish economic universities within the networks of European universities. An analysis of the social networks based on network indicators was also included.
PL
Ostatnio dużym problemem stała się ocena badań prowadzonych na europejskich uczelniach. Troska o jakość i ocenę badań naukowych prowadzonych na uczelniach zwiększa znaczenie rankingów uczelni, zwłaszcza rankingów światowych. W artykule zastosowano podejście sieciowe do analizy powiązań europejskich uniwersytetów korzystających z sieci uniwersytetów. Sieci umożliwiają wizualizację złożonych, wielowymiarowych danych i zapewniają wskaźniki statystyczne do interpretacji wynikowych wykresów. Analiza obejmuje 150 uczelni ekonomicznych w Europie i 11 sieci uniwersytetów. Analizy sieciowe wykonano programem R. W artykule przedstawiono różne metody, które pozwoliły na identyfikację systemów sieciowych polskich uczelni ekonomicznych na uczelniach europejskich, oraz sieci społecznościowych na podstawie wskaźników sieciowych.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the results of research carried out within the European perspective on Literature, Culture, Language and Certification (EpoLCLC) project, according to three main axes: contemporary reading practices and the image of French literature among contemporary readers in a sociological approach; reading strategies of foreign language texts in a psycholinguistic approach; the place of translations and the representation of the role of the literary translator among contemporary readers in the light of conceptions related to cultural transfers and the global circulation of literature. The analysis and interpretation of the data collected during the course of the project will make it possible to compare the image we have of literature and the reader in our time with a set of real practices and beliefs, as defined by the people questioned during the study. More generally, it will be a question of drawing up, again from the data collected, a portrait of the European student as a reader and of defining the place that French and Francophone literature occupies in his or her daily practices.
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