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PL
Pogarszający się stan finansów publicznych w Polsce powoduje, że podejmowane są często dość nieoczekiwane i kontrowersyjne decyzje w zakresie poprawy ich kondycji. Za takie należy uznać wprowadzenie zmian w funkcjonowaniu otwartych funduszy emerytalnych, w tym korekty sposobu redystrybucji składek na ubezpieczenie emerytalne i przeniesienie części aktywów, którymi zarządzały do sektora publicznego. Zdaniem autora przyjęte zmiany mają na celu przede wszystkim utrzymanie długu publicznego poniżej ustawowych progów ostrożnościowych, w mniejszym zaś stopniu służą zapewnieniu stabilności systemu emerytalnego w Polsce. Reforma w takim kształcie podważa zaufanie społeczeństwa i spowoduje w przyszłości wzrost obciążeń płatników składek oraz budżetu państwa na rzecz systemu emerytalnego.
EN
The deteriorating state of public finances in Poland causes, that quite unexpected and controversial decisions are often taken in order to improve their condition. One should recognize those changes of functioning of opened pension funds, including corrections of the manner of the redistribution of contributions for the pension plan and moving the part of assets, which were managed to the public sector. According to the author, the accepted changes are, above all, aimed for keeping the public debt below statutory prudence thresholds, whereas in smaller step serve providing for the stability of the pension scheme in Poland. The reform in such a shape is undermining the confidence of the society and in the future it will cause an increase in loads for payers of contributions and the state budget for the pension scheme.
EN
The article discusses changes in the organization and functioning of open pension funds in Poland, which came into force in 2014 and their impact on the accounting policies of the Fund. Article also presented an example of the prospectus of one of the pension funds which has been drawn up already according to the new rules.
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PL
Ostatni kryzys finansowy zachwiał stabilnością całego system finansowego. Główną przyczyną szybkiego rozprzestrzeniania się kryzysu finansowego w 2008 r. okazała się skomplikowana sieć wzajemnych powiązań i współzależności występujących na rynku finansowym. W efekcie kilku spektakularnych niepowodzeń biznesowych instytucji finansowych wytworzył się mechanizm transmisji ryzyka kontrahenta, które w krótkim okresie czasu stało się ryzykiem systemowym. Szczególnie dotkliwie zawirowania na rynkach finansowych odczuli uczestnicy rynku OTC derywatów, w tym fundusze emerytalne. W celu ograniczenia ryzyka kontrahenta z jednej strony regulatorzy wprowadzili nowe rozwiązania w obszarze standardów rachunkowości (IFSR) oraz ram kapitałowych (Bazylea II, Bazylea III, Solvency II), z drugiej w wielu instytucjach finansowych podjęto działania mające na celu ograniczenie ekspozycji na ryzyko kontrahenta. Działania te podzielono na trzy etapy: wybór kontrahenta, dokumentacja i zarządzanie zabezpieczeniami. Rozważania osadzono w doświadczeniach instytucji finansowych działających na rynkach globalnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem doświadczeń funduszy emerytalnych.
EN
The last financial crisis shook stability of the whole financial system. A major reason of the rapidly developing financial crisis in 2008 turned out to be a complicated network of mutual interconnections and interdependencies to be observed on the financial market. As a result of a few spectacular business failures of financial institutions, it was possible to observe a mechanism of transmitting risk of counterparty that in a short period of time became systemic risk. Participants of the OTC derivative market including pension funds felt these turbulences particularly hard. In order to reduce counterparty risk there is some improvement in relevant accounting standards (IFSR) or orientation at risk of counterparty in the context of capital framework (Basel II, Basel III, Solvency II). On the other hand, in a number of financial institutions actions were taken to reduce exposure to counterparty risk. This approach consists of three stages including selection of counterparty, documentation and management of collateral. Considerations are embedded in experiences of financial institutions operating in global markets, with a particular focus on pension funds experiences.
XX
Od 1999 r. funkcjonuje w Polsce rynek otwartych funduszy emerytalnych (OFE), na którym oferowane są obowiązkowe kapitałowe ubezpieczenia emerytalne. OFE stanowią II filar systemu emerytalnego. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja oraz omówienie zalet i wad niektórych miar charakteryzujących zmiany na OFE. Istotnym elementem opracowania jest także wskazanie błędów interpretacyjnych, jakie mogą zostać popełnione podczas analizy wartości poszczególnych mierników.
EN
From 1990 in Poland is functioning a market of open pension funds (OPFs) which offers obligatory capital pension insurance. OPFs are the second pillar of pension system in Poland. The target of article is identification and presentation of advantages and disadvantages of selected measures describing changes on the market of open pension founds. These measures are divided into two categories: absolute and relative. The article presents also interpretation mistakes which can be made during analysis of value of particular measures. The author drew also the attention to the necessity of complex interpretation of many measures in order to make a detailed analysis of changes on the market of OPFs. It is also ascertained that majority of described measures are used not only in relation to the whole market of OPFs, but also in relation to the particular of OPFs.
EN
The aim of this paper is to provide a statistical description of the demographic structure of the members of the Open Pension Funds as well as its dynamics. The paper also describes the process of ageing of the Open Pension Funds' members taking into account the whole operating period of the funds. Selected demographic measures were used to analyze the demographic structure changes of the funds' members in total and by sex and age. To describe the process of ageing some alternative measures based on central moments of the empirical distributions were employed. The analysis reveals a significant differences of the process of ageing between the funds.
EN
The accumulation of pension capital in capital funds is the subject of much discussion, especially in terms of their profitability and risk associated with turbulence in financial markets. The article presents the issues of shaping the capital value of the pension by profitability and risk as a measure of investment activities of pension funds and pension capital forecasting and its value at risk (VaR) based on historical data. The article used data relating to profitability and volatility of open-end pension fund units in Poland for the period from 31.12. 2003 to 31.03.2014.
EN
Lately there has been an increase in input of new forms of governance in problem resolution in countries and corporations. Despite the wide debate on retirement, not much time has been dedicated to the discussion on the characteristics and benefits of the governance system for future retirees. Up to now, the meaning of governance is important in the matter of investment. There is no holistic approach in the retirement funds. The problem of open funds operating in Poland today are connected with the contractual character, open formula and types of pension plans on offer such as defined benefits plans. The main sources of conflict we can find in areas such as relations between funds members and governing bodies, payment amounts collected by societies and returns on investment. The article proposes a solution having in mind the limitation of sources of conflict.
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