Search results - CEJSH

1

Non-Metric Dental Traits in Human Skeletal Remains from Transcaucasian Populations: Phylogenetic and Diachronic Evidence

100%

Khudaverdyan A. Y.

Anthropological Review

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2014

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vol. 77

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issue 2

151-174

EN

The aim of the study is the assessment of biological distance between populations from Transcaucasia on the basis of the frequency of dental morphological traits. It is well known that these traits are characterised by a high inter-population differentiation, low sexual dimorphism, and their recording is loaded by relatively small intra and inter observer error. The dental morphological traits are successfully used in the description and explanation of the microevolutionary and ethnogenetic processes. This paper presents the results of the odontological differentiation of human populations from Transcaucasia. The comparative analysis was carried out on the basis of 12 groups. From the obtained results, we can draw the following conclusions: The populations of Armenian Highland and Georgia can be differentiated as far as the frequency of dental morphological traits are concerned. They also do not exhibit similar intragroup variability. Biocultural diversity of ancient Transcaucasian populations has not been studied extensively; therefore, delineating some of the patterns of phenotypic variation may be useful for understanding their ongoing evolution.

2

Historical Determinants of Regional Divisions of Georgia and their Implications for Territorial Governance

100%

Mądry C., Kaczmarek-Khubnaia J.

Quaestiones Geographicae

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2016

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vol. 35

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issue 2

131-139

EN

Georgia can be characterised by its turbulent history, centuries-old traditions, and a great ethnic diversity. This makes it necessary to include historical determinants, in addition to geopolitical and economic factors, when making a regional analysis of its territory and contemporary governance issues. Five stages of the development of the present territorial division of Georgia are distinguished. They have been identified by means of an analysis of key events (critical junctures) of significance in the formation of its historical regions. Additionally, their influence at each of the three levels of the current territorial division of independent Georgia is discussed, in particular in the context of territorial governance.

3

Can Georgia Return to the Pre‑crisis Rate of Growth?

100%

Surmanidze U.

Horyzonty Polityki

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2016

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vol. 7

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issue 20

EN

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The article aims to analyse Georgia’s short ‑term economic prospects and to make well ‑founded conclusions on the Country’s potential to return to the pre ‑crisis rate of growth in the near future. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: For evaluat‑ing Georgia’s growth perspective, Country’s essential macroeconomic indicators and statistical data are thoroughly analysed, along with profound study of global economic outlooks and quarterly reports from three prestigious international institutions (IMF, World Bank, EBRD). THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Apart from relevant professional and scholarly literature, current economic trends in Geor‑gia are presented in the paper, revising such important issues like FDI and remittances inflow, foreign trade, currency depreciation, government spending and national debt, so those variables that af‑fect the domestic economy at most. Georgia is small, open economy and because of its high dependency on the external sector, certain significant economic tendencies in main partner countries and in the world in general are also applied in the article. RESEARCH RESULTS: On the one hand, the decline of capital inflow into the Country, and socially‑oriented government spending on the other, depreciated the national currency gradually and made Georgia’s external liabilities very costly. Neither the depreciation of the currency, nor export subsidies helped the Country’s exports to recover. This is partially conditioned also by economic troubles in main trade and investment partner countries of Georgia. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The article intends to enrich the understanding of how small, transition economies operate in uncertain financial environment and what perspectives they have in dealing with external shocks. Current regional and global context, along with obvious drawbacks in Georgia’s fiscal policy make the possibility of regaining pre‑crisis growth rates unrealistic in the near term. The country needs the diversification of export markets and its foreign investment sources, to cut government spending on social programs and bureaucracy, and to direct funds on infrastructural projects.

4

Rola Gruzji w polityce zagranicznej Stanów Zjednoczonych w XXI w.

100%

Kozłowski A.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2014

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issue 6(32)

333-363

EN

Georgia and the United States play in the international area complete different roles. Georgia is a small Caucasian country with limited potential, which could not rather play a crucial role in the foreign policy of the United States – the global actor with interests all over the world. Indeed, this situation took place in 90s. However, the beginning of 21st century and assuming the office of president by George W. Bush changed the position of this country and Georgia started to become more and more important in America foreign policy. The situation shifted when Barack Obama became a president in 2009. Since that time Georgia’s position in American foreign policy started to decrease. The last crisis, which happened in Ukraine and the worsening in relations between the United States and Russia may change the significance of Georgia. The main thesis of this article claims that the role and position of Georgia depend on changing interests of the United States in South Caucasus and Central Asia regions.

5

IMPORTANCE OF GRANTING TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF GEORGIA THE AUTHORITY OF CONSIDERING THE “REALISTIC” CONSTITUTIONAL APPEALS

100%

Kuchukhidze A., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Urbański D., Piechowiak-Lamparska J., Bryc A., Bojarczyk B., Jorgensen F. A. E., Niedziołka D., Pacześniak A., Potorski R., Wincławska M., Włodkowska-Bagan A., Jeran A., Mol A., Solsbery A., Dąbrowska I., Głodkowski M., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Piechowiak-Lamparska J.

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

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2016

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issue 2

PL

On the basis of the current legislation in relation to the issues of the second chapter of the Constitution (Human rights), the Constitutional Court of Georgia considers only the issue of the constitutionality of the content of normative acts and considers the appeals as inadmissible where the violation of rights is derived not from the content of the norm but its misuse in practice. This approach extends as well to those cases when the violation of a person’s rights is caused by incorrect interpretation of the norm by the court and improper use in the process of legal correlation. The Georgian Legislation does not grant to the Constitutional Court the authority to consider the indicated issue. The indicated issue is a legal problem to the extent that the initial point of the democratic states is to defend the human rights and correspondingly, the primary goal of the constitutional control should be the restoration of the human rights violated by the state structures (authorities). However, the recent precedential law gives us a possibility to make the conclusion that the General Courts in a number of cases define the law contrary to the Constitution, and the Constitutional law is powerless to restore the right of the person whose right was violated by the action of the judge of the court. The aim of this article is to analyze advantages and disadvantages of real-life constitutional appeals and prove importance of granting to the Constitutional Court of Georgia the authority of considering the “realistic” constitutional appeals.

6

Pozycja ustrojowa Parlamentu Gruzji w latach 1990–2013

89%

Żmigrodzki M., Szukalski J.

Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

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2015

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issue 1

25-50

EN

The paper presents an outline of Georgian parliamentarism and, subsequently, the institution of the Georgian parliament itself in the period between 1990 and 2013. The next section describes the structural position of the Parliament of Georgia by analyzing its Constitution of 1995, as well other acts of parliament. It also mentions the systemic principles, definition of sovereign authority, competence of the governing bodies of the state, the relationships between the President and the Government, as well as the existing internal organization and the scope of legislation. In the conclusion it is stressed that the structural position of the Georgian Parliament in the given period is similar to the position of parliaments in the presidential model of government.

PL

W artykule omówiono zarys problematyki gruzińskiego parlamentaryzmu, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem funkcjonowania Parlamentu Gruzji w okresie między 1990 i 2013 rokiem. Autorzy na podstawie zapisów Konstytucji z 1995 roku oraz innych ustaw przedstawili pozycję ustrojową gruzińskiego parlamentu. Nakreślili zasady systemowe i suwerena, omówili kompetencje poszczególnych organów państwa, relacje między prezydentem a rządem, zasady funkcjonowania i całą organizację procesu prawodawczego. Podsumowując należy podkreślić, że pozycja ustrojowa gruzińskiego parlamentu w omawianym okresie jest podobna do funkcjonowania parlamentu w klasycznym systemie prezydenckim.

7

Kościół prawosławny w Gruzji w latach zaboru rosyjskiego i władzy sowieckiej (XIX-XX w.)

89%

Chmielecki T. T.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

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1998

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vol. 70

303-314

IT

La Georgia e stata soggetta dalla Russia per quasi duecento anni: prima, quale vittima dell'annessione del Paese dagli Zar russi (1801-1917) e poi, sotto la forma dell'occupazione sovietica (1921-1991 ). Le autorità imperiali russe, sin dall'inizio, non poterono sopportare l'indipendenza della Chiesa ortodossa georgiana, govern-ata del Cattolicos-Patriarca di tutta la Georgia, Antonio II. Nel 1811 deposero il patriarca e sottomisero la Chiesa all'autorità del Sacro Sinodo Russo. In questo modo si interruppe la continuità dell'autocefalia georgiana durata milletrecento anni. La programmata russificazione del Paese non risparmio quest'antica Chiesa. Il Cattolicos fu sostituito dagli esarchi russi, il numero delle eparchie fu ridotto a quattro, la lingua liturgica georgiana chuzuri fu soppressa e sostituita dallo sla-vo, si chiusero sistematicamente antichi monasteri e si face venire in massa il clero russo. Chiese e conventi subirono una serie di saccheggi e devastazioni. Le faccende della rivoluzione bolscevica procurarono un breve momento d'indipendenza: il 25 marzo 1917 la Chiesa riprese l'autocefalia e venne nominato il Cattolicos-Patriarca Kirion II. La rinascita religiosa fu presto impedita dal'occupatzione dell'Armata sovietica che cominciando dal febbraio 1921 segno un periodo di settant'anni esatti di regime antireligioso comunista. Il Patriarca e i Vescovi furono arrestati, quasi il 90% delle chiese furono chiuse e adibite ad edifici di utilità pubblica (musei, magazzini, cinema ecc.), i fedeli furono ostacolati nelle funzioni religiose e, se non obbedivano, venivano perseguitati. La propaganda atea non risparmio ne'bam-bini ne'giovani, ai quali fu assolutamente proibito di partecipare al culto e a qualsiasi istruzione cristiana fino all'età di 18 anni. Negli anni trenta la gerarchia ortodossa georgiana potè ricostituirsi, ma la sua esistenza dipendeva fortemente dalla colla-borazione con il regime. La penetrazione di agenti del KGB nella gerarchia eccle-siastica e le divisioni tra il clero e il Cattolicato ridussero ulteriormente l'operatività della Chiesa nel suo insieme. Agli albori dell'indipendenza statale (1991), la società massimamente scristianizzata divenne una forte sfida per l'odierna gerarchia orto-dossa, favorita dal Governo.

PL

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8

Higher Education System in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals (on the Example of Georgia)

88%

Darchashvili M.

Journal of Education Culture and Society

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2022

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vol. 13

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issue 2

705-712

EN

Aim. The purpose of the article is to study, analyse and present the readiness of Georgia in the modern period to meet international problems – it is the main goal of sustainable development, including higher education. The government of Georgia, since ancient times correctly understood the role of education for future prosperity, currently the government is doing its best to meet the international challenges in the fourth goal of sustainable development - education, including higher education. Methods. The paper is presented based on official documents, scientific research papers, analysis, and the historical-comparative method. Results. The article presents important challenges for the integration of the Georgian state into the European space at the present stage, which is enshrined in the Constitution (Parliament of Georgia, 2018) and several important documents. In this context, promoting access to education is an important international agreement for the country to overcome modern global challenges - one of the most important goals of sustainable development - an important precondition for strengthening the socio-political and cultural development of society. Conclusion. The paper is based on the study/processing of international and local official materials, as well as expert research has the opportunity to assess the readiness of the higher education system to follow the goals of sustainable development. The country’s relevant structures are actively creating all the conditions for the convergence/engagement of the Georgian educational space under modern international standards which has been demonstrated in practice by the capabilities of higher education institutions.

9

Forward-looking solutions for the Georgian and South Ossetian conflict: a path towards reconciliation

88%

Jasutis G.

Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

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2013

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vol. 6

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issue 2

24-49

EN

The article explores the dynamics of the Georgian and South Ossetian conflict which has been violent over the last twenty years. It reached a critical peak again in 2008 resulting in new security developments and post-conflict situation which drifts away from reconciliation between the communities. The research explains and identifies the timelines and stages of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict as well as the potential of violence, specifically placing a heavy emphasis on the case of the Akhalgori district, which had been under Georgian control until August 2008. Furthermore, it employs community relations theory and offers forwardlooking solutions which should lead towards reconciliation. The article concludes that reconciliation itself is a very complicated concept to be successfully applied in practice; therefore community relations theory and its approach towards gradual reconciliation between the Georgian and South Ossetian communities seems to be the most reliable option for resolution of the conflict, which should incorporate the Orthodox Church, mutual cultural and anti-intimidation works along with transparent and controllable security actors.

10

THE ISSUE OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND TOLERANCE IN MODERN GEORGIAN POLITICS

88%

Darchashvili M.

Journal of Education Culture and Society

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2020

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vol. 11

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issue 2

490-498

EN

Aim. Georgia has traditionally been a country of cultural diversity. Due to the proper political approach, Georgian authorities of all times have managed to successfully govern the peaceful coexistence of people of different nationalities and religions. It is true that in the post-Soviet period, there was some disagreement between the cultures inspired by external forces; however, generally, all the authorities made every effort to legally strengthen the inherited tolerant habit. The paper does not deal with the conflicts of ethnopolitical nature, staged by Russia. The mentioned issue is a part of the country’s domestic policy, which is important and still is relevant nowadays, therefore the paper aims to study the role of cultural diversity and tolerance in modern Georgian politics, the attitude to it, and how the country managed to preserve the centuries-old heritage. Methods. Based on several empirical materials, various researched-studied documents, scientific papers, analysis of government documents, the use of the method of historicism is presented in the paper. Results. The paper presents the current existing reality in Georgia in the field of cultural diversity and the effective steps of the state for the proper development of cultural diversity. Conclusion. Modern Georgian politics is motivated to involve ethnic and religious minorities in the process of monitoring and implementing the Culture Policy Action Plan, based on the recent history and new current worldwide tendency, which will guarantee the establishment of a tolerant society and democracy in Georgia.

11

The narratives about home and family among Georgian labour migrant women in Italy

88%

Kobakhidze O.

Lud

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2019

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vol. 103

EN

The paper investigates the narratives about family and home among the first generation Georgian labour migrant women in Italy’s Emilia-Romagna province. It examines the narratives by low-skilled Georgian migrant women that work as domestic workers. The fieldwork, carried out in November 2018 and May 2019 in the city of Reggio-Emilia shows that Georgian migrants do often feel alienated from their families that they leave back in Georgia. They feel largely alienated from their Georgian neighbours, relatives, society and nation as well. Georgian migrant women’s narratives show contradictory emotional discourses of attachment and alienation to their families. Based on in-depth interviews with 12 women between 43 to 69 and participant observation, the paper highlights importance of the families. Despite experiencing “lost place” in Georgia, migrant women still aim at returning to their families and “homes” there. They feel to “return” and to perform their roles as wives, daughters, mothers, grandmas, aunts, etc. in Georgia. Considering economic hardships of their families in Georgia, however, they prolong staying in Italy for indefinite amount of time.

12

2020 parliamentary elections in Georgia: Results and geographical peculiarities

88%

Gachechiladze R., Gogsadze G.

European Spatial Research and Policy

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2021

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vol. 28

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issue 2

211-226

EN

The article aims to show the main political-geographic trends of the 2020 parliamentary elections in Georgia. The political systems of the post-Soviet counties are still imperfect and fragile. Although international observers recognised the vote results in Georgia as legitimate, many opposition parties boycotted the parliament for almost six months. It took several western officials to engage in regulating the post-election crisis. The work focuses on analysing turnout and voting patterns pointing to the changes that occurred in the last decade. A geographical study of elections enables one to identify the merits and drawbacks of the electoral process from the regional standpoint. The findings of the work underline the complexity of the election outcomes. While certain legal and political changes bring Georgia closer to European democracies, the country still lags in terms of several electoral/geographical features.

13

Russia’s role in the official peace process in South Ossetia

88%

Hoch T., Souleimanov E., Baranec T.

Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series

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2014

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vol. 23

|

issue 23

53-71

EN

The aim of this article is to analyse the role of Russia in the transformation of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict and analyse this important period in the history of the Caucasus, where Georgia and its secessionist region of South Ossetia have been trying to find a peaceful solution to their post-war situation. Major milestones of the official peace process are set in the context of Russian-Georgian relations. We then proceed to the analysis of the internal changes within the Russian Federation at the turn of the millennium and try to find a connection between this internal transformation of Russia and the transformation of the conflict in South Ossetia. The most important factors behind the more assertive approach by the Russian Federation towards Georgia in the last decade are considered: internal centralisation of power and economic growth of the Russian Federation, the reinforcement of the importance of the South Caucasus as part of the geopolitical discourse within the Russian Federation, the deterioration in Russian-Georgian relations, and the suppression of the fear of the spill-over effect since the end of Second Chechen War.

14

The eastern dimension of the north atlantic treaty organization

88%

Bajor P.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

|

2017

|

issue 50

5-21

EN

The article has been dedicated to the issue of the eastern dimension of NATO, with a special consideration of the evolution of NATO’s policy in this regard, the extension of the organization, as well as bilateral relations with Russia, Ukraine and Georgia. In the article, the circumstances of the cooperation between NATO and those countries have been discussed, the instruments and mechanisms of such cooperation, as well as the evolution of the Euro-Atlantic policy of Ukraine and Georgia. The article also describes the consequences of the annexation of Crimea and the conflict in the eastern Ukraine, as well as their impact on NATO’s policy. Therefore the decisions made at the NATO summit in Warsaw, directed towards improving the security of the eastern flanks, and Russia’s position in this matter are also analysed.

15

Influence of Cultural and Historical Context on the Moral Competence in Modern Society (in Terms of Georgia and Russia)

88%

Kaznina E.

Ethics in Progress

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2016

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vol. 7

|

issue 1

152-173

EN

The break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 sharply cast the relationships between the Republics of post-Soviet space and Russia back, mutual trust was lost, economic and cultural interaction was practically stopped. The global changes of the 1990s in the field of political order, social and economic lifestyle in the countries of the former socialist camp brought up to severe demographic situation (depopulation), impoverishment of its significant part, criminalization of society and, what is quite important, to negative changes in consciousness and behavior of its population, including deformation of ethical code of personality, for long time fixing the acute social-cultural situation. A. Zhuravlev & A. Yurevich call that the moral collapse. It is worth mentioning that the economic crisis of the 90s in Georgia was considerably more serious than in Russia. Attempt to teach norms of “new” morale were done by M. Saakashvili (2009–2013), who declared that during 20 years he would be able to change the mentality of Georgians – rejection of the Russian culture and language up to prohibition and adherence to anti-Russian policy at a level of the State. The author reports on that project and she intends to find the difference of how moral competence is understood by the generation which was formed in 1990s and the generation formed under the Soviet Union.

16

Opinia prawna w sprawie ratyfikacji umowy o wspólnym obszarze lotniczym między Unią Europejską i jej państwami członkowskimi a Gruzją

88%

Jaśkowski M.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2013

|

issue 3(39)

236-240

EN

The author, following an analysis of Article 10 of the above‑mentioned Agreement, claims that the requirement of Article 89 (1) (5) of the Constitution has been met, which means that the Agreement should be ratified upon prior consent granted by statute. He concludes that the procedure for its ratification proposed by the Council of Ministers (Article 89(2) is improper.

17

Non-metric dental analysis of a Bronze Age population from the Armenian Plateau

88%

Khudaverdyan A. Y.

Anthropological Review

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2013

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vol. 76

|

issue 1

63-82

EN

The aim of this study is to assess the biological distance between populations from the Armenian highland, Georgia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Siberia on the basis of the frequency of non-metric dental traits. It is well known that these traits are characterized by high inter-population differentiation, low sexual dimorphism, and their recording is affected by relatively small intra and inter-observer error. These traits are successfully used in the description and explanation of ethno-genetic processes. Comparative analysis was performed on 30 populations, and the frequency of non-metric dental traits in all populations was determined by principal component analysis. Based on our bio-distance results, we suggest there was a degree of genetic proximity among inland populations of the Armenian Plateau and Transcaucasian area at the beginning of the Bronze Age. The Armenian Plateau and Georgian samples and all those from Kalmykia (Pit Grave culture), the Ukraine (Tripolye culture), the Urals (Sintashtinskaya, Timber Grave cultures), the Volga region (Pit Grave, Balanovo, Fatianovo, Potapovsky cultures) and Central Asia (Gonur- Depe) exhibited close affinities. This conclusion is consistent with that reported by other bio-distance studies examining non-metric cranial traits and Armenian Plateau samples.

18

Post-Soviet School Education Policy in Georgia

88%

Darchashvili M.

Journal of Education Culture and Society

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2023

|

vol. 14

|

issue 2

484-493

EN

Aim. The purpose of the work is to find, study, thematically, chronologically present, and analyse the place of education and especially school education in Georgian politics in the post-Soviet period in Georgia, as well as to determine the attitude to the issue, highlight the ongoing activities, and show the existing results and future perspective. Methods. The work is presented based on several researched-studied official government documents, empirical materials, analysis of scientific research papers, and the use of the comparative method in the Georgian reality of the post-Soviet period. Results. The paper identifies the current situation at the level of public education in Georgia following the goals of modern-sustainable development since the 1990s, which is known as the most difficult period of Georgia's history; it highlights the existing legal framework in the school education system and the implementation of the set plans; it shows effective steps of the state to develop and implement education policy. Conclusion. By studying a number of materials, it is confirmed that the political course of Georgia for the promotion of school education in Georgian reality, despite the existing difficult political situation, was characterised by great support when all political teams were in power because the mentioned issue is a part of the domestic policy in the country, which is always important and relevant.

19

Chrystianizacja Gruzji według Historii Kościelnej Rufina z Akwilei

88%

Niewiadomska M.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2019

|

vol. 26

|

issue 1

15-24

EN

The Church History by Rufinus of Aquileia is the oldest source concerning the Christianisation of Georgia, ancient Iberia. The author, drawing on information from the Iberian prince Bacurius, presents the events with a woman as their protagonist, a modest Roman Catholic. The example of her life and the miracles which through her intercession occurred in front of the pagan Iberians, are the direct cause of the people's acceptance of faith. The unusual, so active role of the woman, which is also confirmed by Georgian tradition, authenticates this valuable account. Rufinus bequeaths us the lacking information – despite many sources from that period – on how Christianity spread in the fourth century beyond the borders of the Roman Empire.

20

Challenges of Georgia’s Pension System

88%

Urotadze J.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2020

|

issue 3 (49)

171-185

EN

In 2018, a mandatory funded pension model (second pillar) was introduced in Georgia. At present, the Georgian pension system has three pillars, but the reform does not apply to current pensioners. If society does not trust all three pillars, the chances of reversing the pension reform will rise for two reasons. First, the replacement rate from the first pillar (state redistributive pension) is much lower than in any of the OECD member states. Second, for the majority of participants of the second pillar, pension payments will start in 20-25 years’ time. Such a long period creates uncertainty for many about whether long-term economic growth will be achieved, which in turn would make possible an adequate level of retirement income. This paper attempts to identify means of increasing replacement rates for the state redistributive pension and coverage of the voluntary funded third pillar. The research provides recommendations to enhance the Georgian pension system.

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