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Wybrane do artykułu wyniki badań przedsiębiorstw niefinansowych prowadzonych przez GUS pokazują, że stopniowo wzrasta stopień globalizacji zarówno polskich przedsiębiorstw, jak i prowadzonej przez nie działalności. Widoczna jest znacząca przewaga napływu kapitału zagranicznego do Polski w stosunku do podejmowania tego typu ekspansji przez polskie przedsiębiorstwa za granicą. (fragment tekstu)
EN
The study shows the role that Polish companies play in the international economic system, including the nature, size and directions of their participation in making the growing trend of globalization of the economy. On the basis of the Polish Central Statistical Office surveys were discussed the concentration of foreign capital in different areas of the Polish economy, including the country of origin of the capital, as well as the activities of companies holding shares in companies headquartered abroad. Types of activities and countries that are particularly attractive to domestic entrepreneurs investing abroad were indicated. Also companies were characterized in terms of common ownership relationships between them, in particular their activities within the framework of international groups. Apart from the basic characteristics of each of these communities, some of the effects of their actions, including financial results were described. (original abstract)
EN
Literature provides many studies on internationalization processes of production and service enterprises, while the internationalization of commerce firms is not a special subject of interest. The goal of the article is an attempt to diminish knowledge gaps by literature studies and an exploratory empirical research. The literature study aims firstly at the recognition of the specific prerequisites and barriers to internationalization of e-commerce enterprises. The second aim of the literature study conducted in the paper is a review of theoretical models describing the internationalization of firms process which should enable to indicate the adequate theoretical framework for further empirical research on internationalization of e-commerce enterprises. Critical analysis of literature enables the distinction of prerequisites in the nature of technological and economic (including market and cost prerequisites) and technological, non-technological, macro- and microeconomic barriers. The exploratory research conducted by the method of the qualitative analysis based on a case study determined diversified paths of internationalization of three Polish e-commerce enterprises. Further research is aimed at the separation of basic types of such modes and factors which influence their formation. Such research should make possible to identify e-commerce enterprises conducting business on an international market and determine the motives and restrictions existing in their foreign expansion.
PL
Globalizacja stawia przed przedsiębiorstwami nowe wyzwania, ale stwarza także nowe problemy. Proces globalizacji powoduje zanikanie wielu barier, mobilność kapitału, a zmiany w technologii informacyjnej eliminują potrzebę bezpośredniego kontaktu między klientem, a dostawcą. W tej sytuacji firmy działające na rynkach globalnych muszą podejmować decyzje zmierzające do dostosowania i standaryzacji swoich ofert. Najczęściej firmy te stosują strategie produktów w swojej międzynarodowej działalności. Celem tych strategii jest zmiana oferowanego produktu w produkt globalny lub markę globalną.
EN
The globalization is the cause of new challenges and problems in many organizations. The enterprises, which operate on global markets, have to make decisions about standarisation versus adaptation of their offers. The article touches on problems of global products and brands describing the main strategies of products in international activities of firms. (original abstract)
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