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PL
The image of the bureaucrat appeared in early works of M. Gorky when he col-laborated with newspapers, such as «Nizhegorodsky Listok» and «Samarskaya newspaper» (1894-1896). As a citizen and as a writer he, undoubtedly, was concerned with the phenomenon of bureaucracy, bureaucratic indifference and arbitrariness. However, being a beginner in the field he did not yet develop a large-scale fight against it in the form of exposing article, pamphlets, and program works. In a number of his early sketches and stories there are images of bureaucrats but not heroes capable to denounce and to fight against bureaucracy as the phenomenon effectively. Only later when Gorky gets inte-rested in the ideas of Marxism and gets carried away by the revolutionary romanticism, a new hero appears in his works, i.e. the Person capable to elimi-nate bureaucratic indifference as a remnant of the past. This is how Gorky defined this phenomenon for himself.
PL
The story Confession occupies a special place in M. Gorky’s creation. It was conceived and written during a period in which he of searched for God. According to the writer’s plan, the work tells us of a person who walks in holy places, lives in monasteries and searches for God. In reference to the plot of Confession, it is worth noting that it was based on real sources, including the life of Gorky himself. In a way, the narrative was the result of the philosophical and artistic inquiries of the writer at the turn of the century.
RU
В статье Л. Спиридоновой дан анализ переписки М. Горького с П. М. Рутенбергом, инженером, видным деятелем эсеровской партии в 1905-1909 г.г, одним из основателей независимого еврейского государства. Она длилась с 1909 до 1936 год и охватывала самые разные темы: убийство священника Гапона, деятельность партии эсеров в начале ХХ века, русско-итальянские культурные связи, строительство первой электрической компании в Палестине, помощь Горького культурному процессу в Эрец-Исраэле. В качестве примера приводятся два неизвестных письма 1928 года, в которых Горький и Рутенберг обмениваются мнениями по поводу вышедших в СССР исторических книг об убийстве Гапона. В целом статья открывает неизвестную страницу истории ХХ века.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę korespondencji M. Gorkiego i P. Rutenberga, która trwała od 1909 do 1939 r. i dotyczyła różnorodnych problemów, m.in.: zabójstwa Gapona, działalności partii Eserów w początkach XX w. czy rosyjsko-włoskich relacji kulturowych. Jako materiał egzemplifikacyjny przedstawiono dwa niepublikowane listy z roku 1928, w których Gorki i Rutenberg wymieniają poglądy na temat opublikowanych w ZSRR książek ukazujących sprawę Gapona.
EN
The article Spiridonova L. the analysis of correspondence with M. Gorky and P. Rutenberg an engineer, a prominent figure of the socialist revolutionary party in 1905-1909 ag,, one of the founders of an independent Jewish state. It lasted from 1909 to 1936 and covered a variety of topics: murder of the priest Gapon, the activities of the socialist party in the early twentieth century, the Russian-Italian cultural ties, the construction of the first electric company in Palestine, through bitter cultural process in Eretz-Israel. As an example, are two unknown letters of 1928, in which Gorky and Rutenberg exchange opinions about released in the USSR historical books about the murder of Gapon. In General, the article reveals an unknown Chapter in the history of the twentieth century.
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