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1
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A Brief Military History of the Later Reign of Šāpur II

100%
JACKSON BONNER M. R.
Historia i Świat
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2017
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issue 6
97-105
EN
This is a brief history of the wars of Šāpur II from the middle of the fourth century to the death of that king in the year 379. These conflicts represent the military operations of the Sasanid state at its height before a gradual decline under the successor to Šāpur II.
2
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Działalność Hunów w Europie jako przykład zderzenia cywilizacji

100%
Gralak T.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2023
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vol. 28
25-54
EN
The result of the military, political and economic activity of the Huns in Europe was the depopulation of vast areas, massive ethnic changes, and the destruction of many previous political organisms. The question arises as to why they were so successful. They had knowledge and skills that were alien to the European civilization of that time but perfectly known among the nomadic population of Central Asia and China. Therefore, their activity can be seen as a confrontation of different cultural models. In this sense, it was a clash of civilizations – almost in a sense proposed by S. Huntington.
3
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Berichus and the Evidence for Aspar’s Political Power and Aims in the Last Years of Theodosius II’s Reign

75%
Pigoński Ł.
Studia Ceranea
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2018
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vol. 8
237-251
EN
The article examines Priscus’s account of the conflict that emerged between the leader of the Roman embassy, Maximinus, and the Hunnic envoy, Berichus. The barbarian got offended by the remarks concerning the lack of competence and influence of Aspar and Areobindus. A detailed analysis of this short passage – entailing the persona of Berichus himself, the reasons for his anger, and the possible explanations for Maximinus’s behaviour – can provide us with evidence regarding the political position of Aspar in the last years of the reign of Theodosius II. Most scholars use this example to illustrate Aspar’s falling out of favour and power; it is more likely, however, that the situation was actually more complex. The political struggle between Chrysaphius, a proponent of the policy of reconciliation with the Huns, and Zeno, the opponent of such policies, makes it far more probable that the government feared that their diplomatic effort might be hijacked by the opposing faction. Therefore, it was political differences – and not the failures in the war of 447 – that were the reason for Aspar’s falling out with the emperor. This would also mean that Zeno and Aspar shared similar views on how to solve the Hunnic problem, which would be the basis for their cooperation, resulting in the overthrowing of Chrysaphius and the crowning of Marcian in 450.
4
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Der spätrömisch-frühbyzantinische Münzfund von Firtosváralja (Siebenbürgen, 1831) im Lichte neuentdeckter Archivdaten

63%
Somogyi P.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2016
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vol. LI
169-255
EN
Within the confines of the small Szekely village of Firtosváralja, on the Firtos Mountain, rising a thousand meters above sea level, a large quantity of Byzantine gold coins was found in 1831. Later these coins were sold out by their discoverers. Given this, it is hardly surprising that a hundred years later only sixteen specimens of coins from this hoard could have been identified. Since 1960, three more gold coins, kept in the Numismatic Cabinet of the National History Museum of Transylvania in Cluj-Napoca, have been identified as belonging to this modest collection. Although the coin assemblage from Firtosváralja entered scholarly literature and has repeatedly come up in issues of concerning the early medieval settlement history of Transylvania, there has been no source study relating either to the discovery of the hoard or to the coins themselves. After years of archival research in Romania and Hungary, it was now possible to track down some of the contemporary official reports on the find, which capture the true history of the discovery of the gold coins. It was also found that already in the mid-nineteenth century, several scholars from Transylvania dealt intensively with the hoard investigated here. Many descriptions and illustrations of hitherto unknown coins from Firtosváralja are among the preserved legacy of these researchers. Thus, the number of coins for which we now have a full set of data, or at least the information about the issuer, increased to 54 pieces. Eleven gold coins preserved to this day in the museums of Székelyudvarhely and Cluj as well as other issuances known thanks to pencil frottage drawings or wax impressions allow to describe precisely the group of coins of our interest here. The detailed analysis of the oldest information about the hoard proves that associating of the solidi of Emperor Maurice (582–602) and Heraclius (610–641) with the hoard from Firtosváralja is ambiguous; hence the issuances by Justinian the Great (527–565) are the youngest coins from this set. This means that the gold coins accumulated here since the 430s are likely to have been deposited much earlier than previously assumed. Based on this new-early-dating, an interpretation, hitherto not offered, of the late Roman-early Byzantine coin hoard of Firtosváralja is also presented.
5
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The Kizil Caves as an terminus post quem of the Central and Western Asiatic pear-shape spangenhelm type helmets. The David Collection helmet and its place in the evolution of multisegmented dome helmets

63%
KUBIK A.
Historia i Świat
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2018
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issue 7
141-156
EN
Current paper consists of two main parts. In the first part the author discusses arms and armor presented in the Kizil Caves depictions, suggesting a datation of the two well-knowncaves, namely so-called Maya Cave and Cave of the Painter. In the second part of this paper the author discusses a helmet found in Iran and currently held in the David Collection,Copenhagen. On the basis of a detailed comparative analysis, the author puts forward a thesis of correlation between the lamellar and spangen pear-shape helmets dating the objects tolate 6th-beginning of the 7th century CE. Specifically, it is suggested that the David Collection helmet is a later evolution of such forms that was known in the late-Sasanian period.
6
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Attila the Hun and the Failure of the Divide et impera Roman Policy

63%
Mestek O.
Prague Papers on the History of International Relations
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2022
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issue 1
43-62
EN
Throughout the whole existence of their Empire, the Romans used the divide et impera polity against the European barbarians. The Romans tried to prevent the establishment of larger and more powerful political entities which could endanger them. Simultaneously, they supported rivalry amongst the tribal chieftains and provided the friendly ones with gold and goods. The arrival of the Huns into Europe did not initially bring any change to this international system. Since the 420s the Huns unified their own tribe and created close alliances with other tribes in Middle and Eastern Europe. This alliance had at last the military power to clash with the Romans and disrupt Roman international order across Europe. Because the Hunnic military power was not sufficient, their state was more of a tribal confederacy than a hierarchical and tightly controlled empire. The Hunnic Empire was also a short-termed affair limited to Attila’s life.
7
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Kilka uwag na temat kariery magistra militum Flawiusza Plinty i jego wpływów na dworze Teodozjusza II

63%
Pigoński Ł.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2021
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vol. 28
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issue 2
23-30
EN
The subject of my study is an attempt to reconstruct the career and military activities of Magister Militum Flavius Plinta, described in the Sozemon’s Church History writings. The writings are considered to be on of the sparce sources of information about this politician and commander of the Greek origin, living in the 5th C.E. The source indicates that Flavius Plinta was an influential person on the Byzantine court. Essential to his influential position were the relations with the Goths, whom the Empire settled in Thracia to control the Huns problem. Moreover, F. Plinta was the first of the powerful Magistri Militum in the Eastern Roman Empire, who used their status in the military system to gain political influence.
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań jest próba rekonstrukcji kariery i działalności militarnej magistra militum Flawiusza Plinty opisywana w Historii Kościelnej Sozomena. Źródło to uznawane jest za jedno z nielicznych, przekazujących informacje o tym polityku i dowódcy pochodzenia gockiego, żyjącym w V wieku ne. Jak wynika z tego przekazu, Flawiusz Plinta był wpływową osobą na dworze konstantynopolitańskim. Kluczowe dla jego jego pozycji były relacje z plemieniem Gotów, które cesarstwo osadziło w Tracji, aby kontrolować problem Hunów. Ponadto F. Plinta był pierwszym z potężnych magistrów militum w cesarstwie wschodniorzymskim, którzy wykorzystywali swój status w systemie militarnym do osiągania znacznych wpływów politycznych.
8
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Polityka zachodnia cesarza Marcjana (450-457). Problem huński i jego wpływ na relacje między Cesarstwem Wschodnim a Zachodnim

63%
Pigoński Ł.
Vox Patrum
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2016
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vol. 66
383-409
EN
The reign of Emperor Marcian came at the turning point in the history of the Late Roman Empire. The Empire struggled against the Hun and Vandal menace and an internal political crisis. The Western policy of Theodosius II, who attempt­ed to keep a close relationship between both parts of the Empire, turned out to be a failure, and led to numerous defeats against barbarians. After his death, the mili­tary faction, opposed to his policies, chose its own candidate, Marcian, a former officer in service of a powerful general Aspar. The Emperor conceived a new line of Western policy, especially opposing the demands of Attila, the king of Huns. Marcian was reluctant to get involved in the matters of the Western Roman Em­pire, however, in 452 he sent an auxiliary force to Valentinian III, as a part of an agreement with Aetius, who convinced the Emperor to abandon his claim to the Eastern throne. Marcian also saw the opportunity to weaken Attila, and attacked the dwellings of his warriors beyond the Danube. After the death of Aetius, the Emperor did not support the Western Roman Empire, even when Rome was threatened and eventually sacked by Vandals. The cautious and pragmatic policy of Marcian helped the Byzantium to regain its power, and it led to neutralization of the Hun menace. The Emperor however did not make an attempt to save the Western Roman Empire from its internal political struggle and the Vandal attacks.
9
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Siscia in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Fate of a Post-Roman Town in Southern Pannonia

51%
Gračanin H., Bilogrivić G.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2016
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vol. LI
103-144
EN
On the example of Siscia this article reconstructs the fate of a Roman town in southern Pannonia following the waning and disappearance of Roman government, in a drastically changed political, economic, and population situation that characterized this area at the time of the transition from Antiquity into the Middle Ages. Historical circumstances and basic patterns of urban degradation of Roman Siscia and its transformation into the Early Medieval Sisak are determined with special consideration of archaeological topography and settlement continuity. The question of possible settlement shift of the Early Medieval settlement in regard to the Roman town is also considered.
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