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PL
The tendency to equate economic growth with industrialization has in the recent past started a violent and bloody movement in the Indian state of West Bengal. The movement that started against forced acquisition of agricultural land for industrialization in Singur gradually spread to other parts of the state of West Bengal including Nandigram. This movement acquired explosive proportions with the intellectuals, civil society and anti-left political parties throwing in their weight behind the displaced peasants who lost their land. Ultimately it became an albatross around the neck of the Left leadership and sunk the political fortunes of the thirty-four year old Left Front government in 2011 state assembly elections. The Singur and Nandigram tragedy are only one among the many agitations that have exploded in various parts of India in recent past. These protest movements have kicked off the development versus displacement debate in India. The killing of protesting peasants in Singur and Nandigram by the trigger happy police not only exposes the political myopia and inhuman indifference of the so-called pro-poor Left Front Government of West Bengal. But it also goes on to show that the political process in India is increasingly getting hijacked by the logic of the market which sees displacement only as an appendix to development. What we need today is to reinvent the principles laid down by Gandhi to usher in a just and equitable economic order. The Gandhian model of economic development is based on the simple yet profound principles of altruism and egalitarianism. This article would focus on the reasons behind the inception of a violent movement in Singur and Nandigram, the fundamental flaws in the development model of the erstwhile Left Front Government of West Bengal, and end by providing a Gandhian solution to the development versus displacement dilemma in the state of West Bengal in India.
EN
The aim of the paper is try to make a dynamic picture of the modern (or post-modern) Italian identity, from a political, social and cultural point of view. The status of this country is in the balance, between a fast industrialization without an analogous industrial culture and a lumbering memory where the traditional rules are still strong. The analysis will be carried out through an historical and sociological excursus both in Italian ascent memories and in political processes and events after the Second World War.
EN
This article examines how the communication network of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry operated around the turn of the century to create spatial interactions across the national medicine market during a period of intense industrialization. In 1901, pharmaceutical wholesalers in Osaka compiled The Telegraph Codebook of Pharmacies in Japan to facilitate national trade in medicine, although its use was restricted to only the 177 pharmacies that joined the Pharmaceutical Telegraph Communication Alliance. This alliance had close ties with wholesalers in Osaka and comprised national-level qualified chemists. The use of this communication network by telegraph enabled the integration and progression of the Japanese pharmaceutical market in the early 20th century; however, pharmacies also began to build diferent and layered communication networks that corresponded to their respective business styles. Findings indicate that pharmacies used diferent communication networks of diferent spatial scales, thereby operating regional specialization and national integration networks simultaneously.
EN
In 1837, the authorities of Szadek published an announcement in German, advertising the city as a place favourable to industrial settlement. This advertisement was part of a wideranging action of the government of the Kingdom of Poland aimed at development of textile manufacturing in the Kingdom. Immigration of qualified workforce was seen as an important element of the planned development of the textile industry. The pro-immigration policy of the government resulted in the appearance on Polish territories of many new industrial settlements. Regrettably, Szadek – in 16th century a leading centre of textile production – did not find itself among the towns which took advantage of the favourable situation entering the path of quick economic and demographic growth. The 1837 advertisement provides a description of Szadek at that time. But the result was disappointing and this town with impressive traditions became one of those settlements which experienced a long-lasting stagnation.
PL
Celem niniejszego tekstu jest przedstawienie wkładu Edwarda F. Szczepanika do ekonomii rozwoju, w szczególności w odniesieniu do roli uprzemysłowienia w rozwoju gospodarczym krajów słabo rozwiniętych. W artykule przedstawiono kierunki badań na temat krajów rozwijających się w świetle przemian zachodzących w gospodarce światowej w ujęciu historycznym, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przemian po II wojnie światowej, a więc przemian, które zachodzą w świecie w okresie badań prowadzonych przez E. Szczepanika w Hongkongu w latach 1953-1963. Przedstawiono także mało znaną w Polsce sylwetkę E. Szczepanika jako ekonomisty i męża stanu oraz jego bogaty dorobek naukowy na tle jego politycznie złożonej drogi życiowej. Unikatowy dorobek Edwarda Szczepanika w obszarze ekonomii rozwoju przedstawia się w niniejszym tekście w odniesieniu do problemów uprzemysłowienia krajów rozwijających się, zwłaszcza w początkowej fazie wychodzenia z zacofania gospodarczego. Rozważa się także możliwość wykorzystania tego ujęcia we współczesnych badaniach na temat gospodarek wschodzących. Zachęca się także do dalszych badań dorobku E. Szczepanika w dziedzinie ekonomiki rolnictwa i polityki rolnej.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present the contribution of Edward F. Szczepanik to the Economics of Development, in particular with regard to the role of industrialisation process in the economic development of less developed countries. In the article we present the directions of research dealing with the developing countries in the light of changes in the world economy in the historical context, especially taking into account the changes after World War II, the changes which take place in the world during the time of the research undertaken by E. Szczepanik in Hong Kong between 1953-1963. We also present a less recognised in Poland profile of E. Szczepanik – that of an economist and statesman as well as his rich scientific exploits. All against the background of his politically complex life path. The unique achievements of Edward Szczepanik in the area of Development Economics are shown in this text in the context of problems developing countries face principally in the early phase of pulling out of underdevelopment. A possibility of use of this approach in modern research on rising economies is also considered. We also encourage further study of E. Szczepanik scientific exploits in the area of agricultural economics and agricultural policy with respect to the developing countries as a lesson for today.
RU
Целью статьи является представление информации по около 1634 промышленным предприятиям, в которых работает 100 и больше человек, построенных в Польше в 1949–1988 гг и по около 2276 предприятиям этой же величины, существующих до 1949 г., а также представление харак-теристики трансформации этих предприятий после 1989 г. Статья характеризует статистическое обследование промышленных предприятий, обсуждает индустриализацию страны, масштаб и причины ликвидации промышленных предприятий после 1989 г., а также ее основные причины. Кроме того была охарактеризована прмышленность в Польше после 25 лет трансформации, а также была представлена повторная индустриализация нашей страны. В статье учитываются результаты статистического обследования около 3910 промышленных предприятий в 1988—2014 гг. Были также использованы данные из Статистического ежегодника по промышлен-ности 1989, касающиеся производственной мощности в 1988 г. Производ-ственная мощность предприятий определялась величиной производ-ственных основных средств, реализованной продукцией и занятостью, на основе которых можно вычислить важные показатели фондоемкости продукции, технического оснащения труда и производительности труда. Ключевые слова: индустриализация Польши, промышленная трансфор-мация, промышленные предприятия
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie informacji o 1634 nowych zakładach przemysłowych zatrudniających 100 i więcej osób, zbudowanych w Polsce w latach 1949—1988 i o 2276 zakładach tej samej wielkości, istniejących przed 1949 r. oraz o transformacji tych przedsiębiorstw po 1989 r. W artykule opisano badanie statystyczne zakładów przemysłowych, omówiono uprzemysłowienie kraju, skalę i przyczyny likwidacji zakładów przemysłowych po 1989 r., jak również jej główne przyczyny. Ponadto omówiono stan przemysłu w Polsce po 25 latach transformacji oraz przybliżono początki reindustrializacji naszego kraju. Artykuł uwzględnia wyniki badania statystycznego 3910 zakładów przemysłowych w latach 1988—2014. Wykorzystano również dane z Rocznika Statystycznego Przemysłu 1989 dotyczące potencjału produkcyjnego przemysłu w 1988 r. Potencjał produkcyjny zakładów określono wartością środków trwałych produkcyjnych, produkcją sprzedaną i zatrudnieniem, co pozwala na obliczanie istotnych wskaźników majątkochłonności produkcji, technicznego uzbrojenia pracy oraz wydajności pracy.
EN
This article aims to provide information about 1634 new industrial workplaces employing 100 or more people, built in Poland in years 1949-1988 and 2276 plants of the same size, existing before 1949 as well as about the transformation of these companies after 1989. The article describes a statistical survey of industrial plants, discusses the industrialization of the country, the scale and causes of liquidation of the factories after 1989. In addition, the state of the industry in Poland after 25 years of transformation and brought closer to the origins of re-industrialization of our country are discussed. The article takes into account the survey results of 3910 industrial enterprises in the years 1988-2014. Also data on the production potential of industry in 1988 from the Statistical Yearbook of Industry in 1989 are used. Production potential of plants is specified by value of production assets, sold production and employment, which allows to calculate relevant indicators of production capital intensity, technical infrastructure and labor productivity. (original abstract)
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