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Ekonomia nieformalna - czynnik wzmacniający czy osłabiający integrację regionalną w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej

100%
Plonowski M.
Forum Politologiczne
|
2010
|
vol. 10 - Przestrzeń i granice we współczesnej Afryce
143-188
EN
It is estimated that the informal sector represents around 43% of the official GDP in Africa - so it is almost the same as the formal sector. The problematic of the informality raises directly very important questions - how to judge the informality, as an example of "social capital" in motion, effectively helping millions to survive or predatory activity, based on policy discrepancies, undermining the possibility of sustainable development. As a last sheet-anchor or poison for the African economies? In the article I will try to answer the question of how the informal cross-border trade can be judged from the point of view of its influence on the official regional integration in Africa - that "spaghetti bowl" continent, full of regional institutions and agreements, where informal cross-border trade can be, according to some estimated, sometimes even more important than the formal regional trade. I will begin with a synthetic presentation of the regional integration problematic and informal economy in general and in Africa in particular. I will try then to come through the pros and the cons of informal cross-border trade in terms of regional integration to the reflections, encouraging to redefinition of the basic concepts of the article - informality and regional integration. Showing that they are not necessarily what the common sense approach would suggest.
2

Violence against Elderly Migrants and Its Consequences on Their Health: Experience from Monterrey, Mexico

88%
Acharya A. K.
Social Change Review
|
2014
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vol. 12
|
issue 2
161-183
EN
In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse how the violence and abuse against elderly migrants in Monterrey, Mexico affects their health. For this research, 257 elderly Mexican migrants were surveyed in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey during 2012 through 2013. The study found that the majority of elderly people migrate to urban areas in search of a better economic opportunity. Once in the city, they are absorbed into the informal economic sectors. Results indicate that most of these elderly people suffer physical, sexual and psychological violence, as well as neglect and financial abuse from their employer, relatives, clients and pedestrians, which has an adverse effect on their health. Elderly migrants reported numerous health problems, where many of them were suffering from different types of injuries, stress and depression, among others. This paper concluded that violence suffered by elderly migrants has a significant impact on their health.
3

Fiskalizm w Polsce na tle Unii Europejskiej

63%
Kraj-Gabryś I.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomii i Informatyki w Krakowie
|
2012
|
issue 8
195-204
PL
W warunkach postępującej globalizacji niezbędne jest takie kształtowanie systemu podatkowego, by zachęcał do inwestowania, innowacji oraz tworzenia nowych miejsc pracy. Realizacja podstawowych funkcji państwa wymaga uzyskania określonych dochodów. Zadaniem systemu podatkowego jest ograniczenie negatywnych konsekwencji pozyskania tych środków dla gospodarki. Ważnym problemem związanym z działalnością państwa, aktualnym również w Polsce, jest uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie: jaki poziom fiskalizmu jest optymalny dla rozwoju gospodarki oraz jaki z punktu widzenia dobrobytu społecznego. W Polsce bardzo często wyrażane są poglądy - przez przedstawicieli różnych środowisk - iż w naszym systemie gospodarczym występuje nadmierny fiskalizm, czego skutkiem jest -między innymi - zahamowanie przedsiębiorczości. Jedną z najczęściej formułowanych tez odnośnie polskiego systemu fiskalnego jest teza mówiąca o niezwykle wysokiej stopie redystrybucji PKB (produkt krajowy brutto). Celem artykułu jest zweryfikowanie istniejącego poglądu o nadmiernym fiskalizmie w Polsce. (fragment tekstu)
EN
Excessive fiscalism has for long been a barrier to the development of the economic growth, decreasing the competitiveness and impeding the solution of social and economic problems. An important problem concerning the interference of governments, relevant also for Poland, is finding an answer to the question what level of fiscalism optimally suits the development of the national economy, also from the point of view of social prosperity. This paper aims to verify the actual existing opinion about excessive fiscalism in Poland.(original abstract)
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