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1

THE GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY OF THE JEWISH POPULATION IN BOHEMIA ACCORDING TO THE REGISTER OF JEWISH FAMILIES FROM 1793

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Woitschova K., Woitsch J., Reznicek M.
Historická demografie (Historical Demography)
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2006
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vol. 30
31-66
EN
The article analyses the geographic mobility of the Jewish population in Bohemia along to Register of Jewish Families compiled in 1793. This important source is the most complete census of Czech Jews. Jews in Bohemia were quite mobile: almost one-quarter of the Jewish population (7378 out of 38 594) was located for long periods or permanently outside their place of birth. Most often they migrated within a distance of 50 km, usually remaining in one demesne or within the limits of a region. So-called 'familiants', family heads legally permitted to practise trades and other businesses, also migrated shorter distances with their families. The farther the distance migrated, the larger the number tended to be of free Jews looking to earn a livelihood in the form of paid labour. Migration beyond the borders of Bohemia did not occur frequently. It was mainly male Jews who could be found living outside their place of birth, and those Jews who migrated beyond Bohemia's borders were almost exclusively men. From a professional perspective religious leaders and members of the intellectual class (mainly teachers) were the most mobile strata in the Jewish population.
2
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Ludność żydowska w rzemiośle i wczesnej produkcji przemysłowej na Białorusi w pierwszej połowie XIX w.

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Stępniewska-Holzer B.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2008
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vol. 68
13-33
EN
The crafts comprised the prime source of employment for the Jews in Byelorussia and the basic branch of their economy. As late as the end of the nineteenth century the Jews dominated in this domain: in the towns of certain gubernias they constituted 80% of all craftsmen, and some of the crafts were almost totally controlled by them. The crisis of both Christian and Jewish guilds progressed as the capitalist enterprises grew stronger. During the 1830s the tradesmen’s capital, amassed since the first decade of the nineteenth century, served the growth of Jewish factories. The latter were by no means large-scale ventures, and in the following decades, in particular in Byelorussia, they did not compete with large industrial enterprises with state treasury capital but were based on an unskilled and cheap labour force. The Jewish factories in western Byelorussia, gradually developing in the mid-nineteenth century and working predominantly for the needs of the textile branch, began employing pauperised Jewish apprentices. Steadily, they faced the competition of state enterprises with their modernised machinery park and relatively better work conditions.
3

Deportacje do obozów zagłady w Bełżcu i Auschwitz-Birkenau ludności żydowskiej z getta krakowskiego w relacjach ofiar

75%
Zajączkowska-Drożdż A.
Studia nad Faszyzmem i Zbrodniami Hitlerowskimi
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2010
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vol. 32
397-407
EN
The author of this article describes the history of Krakow Ghetto and presents in detail the occurrences taking place since its establishment to dismantlement. Particular emphasis is put on the deportation of Jewish population to extermination camps in Belzec and Auschwitz-Birkenau. The article is based primarily on original sources i.e. on publications and accounts of those who witnessed these events. Krakow Ghetto was established on the 3rd of March 1944 in order to concentrate local Jewish population and to separate it from the rest of society. The borders of the ghetto were firmly closed and guarded. People who found themselves in the ghetto were used (and exploited) to labor for the occupying force. The elderly, the children and those deemed useless for the Germans were promptly murdered in extermination camps. Deportation actions in Krakow Ghetto started with the selection process aimed at choosing those bound for transport. The victims were assembled on the Zgoda Square and led to the train station in Plaszow where they were put aboard trains heading for extermination camps in Belzec or Auchwitz-Birkenau. The accounts included in the article concern three deportation actions of Jewish population to extermination camps. The first deportation happened in June of 1942; the next one in October of the same year. The deportees were transferred to Belzec extermination camp and executed there. The next deportation was connected with the process of ghetto’s dismantlement, taking place on the 13th and 14th of March 1943. All those selected for transport were hauled to Auchwitz-Birkenau and murdered there.
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