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EN
For the present in the Annales point of view on the Polish-Teutonic dispute, the primary importance was the victorious ending of the Thirteen Years’ War, which Długosz had witnessed, and additionally – a decades-distance in time between the baptism of Lithuania and Samogitia as well as the Grunwald victory and Council of Constance, and the period of writing of the Annales. These two circumstances led the canon of Cracow to present the events from the perspective of the sustainability of the effects of Polish Christianization, as well as military and political successes, opening the history of Poland becoming more powerful and acceding to fulfill its historical mission in that part of Europe (“rampart”). From this perspective, the Polish-Teutonic dispute was significant, but belonged to the past. In Długosz’s depiction the durability of Lithuanian and Samogitian Christianization, which finalized Polish-Teutonic relations in the “christanitas”, resulted in focusing attention on territorial matters (Conciliar so-called legal process), and not on the issue of Christianization (Conciliar socalled doctrine process). For a historian, the most important matter is not missionary activity, but Teutonic aggression causing Polish territorial losses and The Recovery action. For Jan Długosz – a man of the late Middle Ages, the most important values were piety and patriotism. The first manifested itself in the vision of God punishing those who appropriate the property of others, and a God who is showing his mercy through the victorious for the Polish side result of Thirteen Years’ War. The value of the second manifested itself in making the interest of the Polish state, from public-law perspective, the most important criterion for assessing people and events. The outcome of these values was a two-fold depiction of the parties in the Polish-Teutonic conflict. This was reflected in the writings with the portrayal of the Teutonic Knights as insidious aggressors, of the judges adjudicating in their favor as being biased, and in criticizing Polish rulers and their advisers who abandoned efforts to recover lost lands. Another manifestation involved praising the rulers aiming at the recovery of losses, that is proceeding in accordance with the interests of Poland, and the depiction of so ruling judges as conscientious and reliable. The indicated twofoldedness was also reflected in Długosz’s account of peace treaties and verdicts.
EN
The article Jan Długosz as chronicler of the history of the Podniestrze region in the 1st half of the 12th century presents an analysis of the message contained in Długosz’s Annals dealing with the political situation in the south-eastern borderland of Rus’ and with the political and dynastic contacts between those ruling there and the Piast dynasty. The Annals of Jan Długosz represent an important source of information about Rus’ history as well as about the relations between Poland and Rus’ in the Middle Ages. In the light of the information provided in the Annals the history of region of Podniestrze during the rule of Rostislav of Tmutarakan’s descendants seem especially interesting. The very essence of Długosz’s reports is based on the fact that Długosz became a depositary of information which cannot be found in any other sources identified so far. The analysis of the information provided by Długosz has been made for separate checkpoints at three levels mentiod above. With respects to the internal situation – the conflicts in Podniestrze, the author notes, that Długosz’s description is a paraphrase of information taken from Rus’ chronicles and parts of documents of unknown origin. The 15th century’s chronicler’s reports on the border fights between Poland and the region of Peremyshl (Przemyśl) as well as mutual destructive invasions must be interpreted in a similar way. As a result, the whole cycle of the reports concerning Peremyshl contained in the Annals from the period 1122-1128 raises doubts as to the reliability of the information provided. The article refers also to the genealogical information provided by Długosz. Particular attention is given to the Duke Ivan, the alleged son of the Knyaz of Trembovla, Vasili Rostislavits. Długosz’s reference to this ruler’s existence is the only known mention. It seems to be a fictitious figure we are dealing with in this case. The strict assessment of the information by Jan Długosz in the concerning the parts covered by the analysis, results from the fact that it is not confirmed in any other source as well from the specificity of the reconstruction undertaken by the chronicler. Confabulation remains a significant element of this reconstruction. Particular attention should be drawn to Długosz’s creation of a new reality by a random combination of facts originally belonging to different realities.
EN
Until the times of Jan Długosz, Polish historians had not mentioned anything about the Latin Empire. It was Jan Długosz in his Chronicle who gave reliable and even extensive, though fragmentary, and slightly mixed information about it. He presented a summary of it and copied it with some chronological mistakes from Maciej of Miechów. In the second part of the 16th century, this information was repeated by Maciej Stryjkowski in his work: On the Beginnings. Stryjkowski enriched Długosz’s information with new one, coming from an unknown source. The information about the Latin Empire provided by the Polish chroniclers was fragmentary and distorted. The short-lived Latin Empire in the 15th and the 16th century did not deserve any special interest.
EN
The article compares two outstanding personalities and their works showing the Polish Kingdom (Corona Regni Poloniae). The first of them was Jan Długosz (1415–1480) and his ’Chorography’, the other one is Bernard Wapowski (1450–1535), author of the first map of the Polish Kingdom. The article shows the process of creating these works, moreover, common inspiration for both authors and the creative process were examined. Comparing the informative value of Chorography and of the Wapowski’s map of the Polish Kingdom, author tried to answer the question whether Wapowski used the Długosz’es work as a source for his research. The answer to this question was positive. The common element of both works was a river network on which Dlugosz was focused and which was the main point of orientation in the Wapowski’s map. Additionally, the author compared Poland’s urban network and the accuracy of its performance in both sources.
EN
The article concerns the attitude of the Bishop of Cracow, Zbigniew Oleśnicki to the Hussite doctrine and to the proposal of assuming the Bohemian throne by the Jagiellonian dynasty in the 20s and 30s of the fifteenth century. The author analyzes the attitudes and activities of the bishop in the light of the sources of the period as well as in the light of the opinions of historiography. A special attention is devoted to the criticism of the account given by a chronicler Jan Długosz, who was particularly interested in making Zbigniew Oleśnicki a principled defender of the faith against the Hussite threat.
PL
Artykuł został poświęcony porównaniu dwóch wybitnych osobistości i ich dzieł, ukazujących Koronę Królestwa Polskiego. Pierwszą z nich był Jan Długosz (1415-1480) i jego ‘Chorografia’, drugi zaś to Bernard Wapowski (1450-1535), autor pierwszej mapy Królestwa Polskiego. W artykule ukazano proces powstawania tych dzieł, poszukiwano wspólnych inspiracji dla obu autorów oraz przeanalizowano procesy twórcze. Porównując wartość informacyjną ‘Chorografii’ i mapy Królestwa Polskiego, dokonano próby odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy Wapowski korzystał z dzieła Długosza jako źródła do swoich badań. Odpowiedź ta wypada pozytywnie. Elementem wspólnym obu dzieł była sieć rzeczna, na której skupił się Długosz, a na mapie Wapowskiego jest ona główną podstawę orientacji. Porównano też sieć miejską i dokładność jej przedstawienia w obu źródłach.
EN
The article compares two outstanding personalities and their works showing the Polish Kingdom (Corona Regni Poloniae). The first of them was Jan Długosz (1415–1480) and his ’Chorography’, the other one is Bernard Wapowski (1450–1535), author of the first map of the Polish Kingdom. The article shows the process of creating these works, moreover, common inspiration for both authors and the creative process were examined. Comparing the informative value of Chorography and of the Wapowski’s map of the Polish Kingdom, author tried to answer the question whether Wapowski used the Długosz’es work as a source for his research. The answer to this question was positive. The common element of both works was a river network on which Dlugosz was focused and which was the main point of orientation in the Wapowski’s map. Additionally, the author compared Poland’s urban network and the accuracy of its performance in both sources.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje trzy różne zagadnienia źródłoznawcze związane z najstarszym żywotem św. Jacka autorstwa lektora Stanisława (XIV w.). W pierw-szej części analizuje relacje między dwoma najpełniejszymi rękopisami Żywota, dochodząc do wniosku, że jeden z nich jest wartościowym świadkiem tekstu, drugi zaś to codex descriptus. W części drugiej próbuje wykazać, że jeden z rozdziałów (rozdz. L) Żywota jest późniejszą interpolacją dopisaną jeszcze w XIV w. Część trze-cia ma na celu udowodnienie, że lektor Stanisław pisząc o początkach zakonu domi-nikanów w Polsce korzystał z zaginionego dziś źródła, do którego dostęp miał później również Jan Długosz.
EN
The article presents three different problems related to the source analy-sis of the oldest hagiography of St. Hyacinth, written by Stanislaus, a lector of theolo-gy (14th century). In the first part of the article, the author analyses the relations be-tween two most complete manuscripts of The Life of St. Hyacinth and comes to the conclusion that one of them is a valuable witness to the text, while the second is a codex descriptus. The second part of the article is an attempt at proving that one of the chapters (chapter L) of The Life is a later interpolation added in the 14th century. The aim of the third part is to prove that when writing about the beginnings of the Dominican Order in Poland, Stanislaus drew upon a source missing today, to which Jan Długosz had access later.
EN
This article shows how Polish chronicler Jan Długosz used the works of Petrarch. The examination is based on computer-assisted comparative analysis as well as on philological methods. The article describes the manuscripts containing Petrarch’s works which Długosz had at his disposal, and tries to respond a question when the chronicler (in what periods of his life) got with them in touch. It also analyses Długosz’ methods of drawing textual excerpts he inserted into his chronicle. Besides, the arguments supporting hypothesis about the existence of chronicler’s special catalogue, in which he might have collected the extracts from various sources, are considered. Finally, his method of the use of sources is characterised in more detail.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia kwestię lektury i wykorzystania dzieł Francesca Petrarki w Rocznikach Jana Długosza. Badanie zostało oparte na komputerowej analizie porównawczej i metodach filologicznych. Omówione zostały rękopisy czytane przez Długosza oraz sposób pozyskiwania przez niego przejątków tekstowych i wplatania ich do kroniki. Przedstawiono również argumenty na poparcie hipotezy o istnieniu kartoteki kronikarza i wyjaśniające metodę jego pracy ze źródłami.
EN
Jan Dlugosz in his almanacs speaks extensively about the miraculous coming back to life of Peter of Piotrawin [Piotr z Piotrawina]. This exceptional event was supposed to happen due to St. Stanislavus [święty Stanisław]. However, one specific term used by the chronicler makes one ponder and raise speculation, that the author, writing about the unusual episode in the life of the canonized bishop of Cracow, had recalled a miracle play he had experienced. That miracle play was probably the reconstruction of the resurrection of the aforementioned knight. It might have been prepared for variety’s sake during the celebrations commemorating the day the XIIIc. clergyman was acknowledged a Saint. The play might even have been presented at the Wawel Castle, which architecture allowed for such a staging at that time. The miracle play was lost in the track of time, although the following sketch is a hypothetical trial of its partial reconstruction.
PL
Jan Długosz w swoich Rocznikach... wypowiada się obszernie o cudownym przywróceniu życia Piotrowi z Piotrawina; do tego nadzwyczajnego zdarzenia miało rzekomo dojść za sprawą św. Stanisława. Niemniej jedno szczególne określenie użyte przez kronikarza zastanawia i budzi domysł, że autor, pisząc o tym niezwykłym epizodzie w żywocie kanonizowanego biskupa krakowskiego, przywoływał na pamięć osobiście oglądane widowisko miraklowe, będące prawdopodobnie właśnie rekonstrukcją wskrzeszenia rzeczonego rycerza. Mogło być ono urozmaiceniem uroczystości zorganizowanych w związku z obchodami dnia wyniesionego na ołtarze w XIII wieku duchownego; możliwe nawet, że wystawione na Wawelu – ówczesna architektura zamku umożliwiała tego typu inscenizację. Mirakl ten nie zachował się do czasów współczesnych, natomiast prezentowany szkic stanowi hipotetyczną próbę jego częściowego odtworzenia.
EN
The article presents Jan Długosz’s views on sexual inclinations and practices of the Polish medieval monarchs, seen in terms of sinful behaviours. Juxtaposing the chronicler’s statements on the intimate sphere’s pathologies of the representatives of the Piast and Jagiellon dynasties is the starting point of conducted argumentations. Then, on the basis of the gathered material, the chronicler’s attitude towards these offences – i.e. debauchery, adultery, rapes, and sodomy/peccatum contra naturam – was examined. Thus understood sexuality of the rulers was studied in specific contexts, in which it was referred to in the Annals. This approach results from the nature of the work, which is not a fully credible source of knowledge on the topic of sexual activity in factual sense. As a historiographic work, the Annals – the author of which aimed at giving a moralising and didactic dimension – are, in turn, an excellent foundation for recognising the pattern of monarchical customs, postulated by the representative of the 15th-century Polish clergy. The conducted analysis also allowed to comment on the significance which the author assigned to information on the rulers’ certain inclinations in order to justify historiosophic vision presented in the work.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zapatrywania Jana Długosza na skłonności i praktyki seksualne średniowiecznych władców polskich, postrzegane w kategoriach grzesznych zachowań. Punktem wyjścia prowadzonych rozważań jest zestawienie wypowiedzi dziejopisa na temat patologii sfery intymnej przedstawicieli dynastii piastowskiej i jagiellońskiej. Następnie, na podstawie zebranego materiału, przeanalizowano stosunek kronikarza do takich występków jak np. rozpusta, cudzołóstwo, gwałty, sodomia/peccatum contra naturam. Tak pojętą seksualność panujących badano w określonych kontekstach jej przywołania na kartach Roczników. Podejście takie wynika z charakteru dzieła, które nie stanowi w pełni wiarygodnego źródła wiedzy na temat aktywności seksualnej w sensie faktograficznym. Roczniki jako utwór historiograficzny, którego autor dążył do nadania wymiaru moralizatorsko-dydaktycznego, stanowią za to doskonałą podstawę dla poznania wzorca obyczajowości monarszej, postulowanej przez przedstawiciela XV-wiecznego duchowieństwa polskiego. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła również wypowiedzieć się na temat znaczenia, jakie kronikarz przypisywał informacjom o określonych skłonnościach panujących dla uzasadnienia wizji historiozoficznej prezentowanej w dziele.
EN
The author analyzes the descriptions of epidemics in the Chronicles of Jan Długosz in order to gain insight into their perception in society at the time and the importance attributed to them. The annals show that common sense and intuitive knowledge prevented the spread of infections more effectively than medicine cured them. The epidemics were thought to be the result of God’s judgments; astrological explanations or political and social explanations were also attached. In line with the pro-state message of the chronicles, they were seen as one of the challenges Poland faced during the first five hundred years of its existence. The plague metaphor reveals the value system of medieval society.
PL
Autorka analizuje opisy epidemii w Kronikach Jana Długosza w celu poznania ich ówczesnego postrzegania w społeczeństwie i przypisywanego im znaczenia. Z kronik wynika, iż zdroworozsądkowa i intuicyjna wiedza skuteczniej zapobiegały rozprzestrzenianiu się infekcji, niż leczyła je medycyna. Epidemie uważano za wynik wyroków Bożych; dołączano także wyjaśnienia astrologiczne i wyjaśnienia polityczno-społeczne. Zgodnie z propaństwowym przesłaniem Kronik, postrzegano je jako jedno z wyzwań, przed jakimi stawała Polska przez pierwszych pięćset lat swojego istnienia. Metaforyka zarazy ujawnia system wartości średniowiecznego społeczeństwa.
PL
Sodom Sin of Boleslaus II the Generous in the Light of Jan Długosz's "Annals" In the relation entered into the third volume of his Annals, dated 1076, Jan Długosz describing the Kiev campaign of Boleslaus the Generous introduces a description of the moral metamorphosis of the Polish ruler and accompanying knights. He maintains that they were guilty of a Sodom sin, which they committed in Ruthenia. This very phenomenon received the chronicler’s decided anti-Ruthenian tone. The present article established the importance of Długosz’s accusation and explains how this very element had its role in developing negative opinions about Ruthenians in the Annals. The author also provides background information about earlier accusations against Boleslaus regarding his sexual impurity.
EN
Artykuł ukazuje obecność w Rocznikach Jana Długosza twórczo przepracowanych elementów myśli historiozoficznej. Ukazuje formację umysłową Długosza i jego otoczenie intelektualne, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem środowiska uniwersyteckiego i teologii praktycznej w Krakowie. List dedykacyjny do Roczników, jako wyraz metodologicznej świadomości dziejopisa, jest przedmiotem analizy pod kątem celów stawianych przed historią oraz jej związków z filozofią i moralnością. Autor przedstawia też właściwe Długoszowi idee prowidencjalizmu, zwłaszcza znaczenie sprawiedliwości Bożej dla biegu historii. Jako egzemplifikacja służy oryginalnie rozbudowana koncepcja Długosza przedstawiająca przyczyny utraty przez Piastów tronu w Polsce. The article shows the presence of creatively reworked elements of historiographic ideas in the Annales of Jan Długosz. The mental formation of Długosz and his intellectual millieu is discussed, with special attention paid to the university circles and practical theology in Cracow. The dedicatory epistle of the Annales, as the expression of methodological awareness of the chronicler, is the subject of analysis from the perspective of the aims of history and its relations with philosophy and morality. The author also presents the ideas of providentialism, typical for Długosz, especially the meaning of God’s justice for the course of history. As its exemplification serves the original and sophisticated conception of Długosz, showing the causes of the loss of Polish throne by the Piast dynasty.
PL
Jan Długosz’s literary skills. The case of Life of St. StanislausThe purpose of the study is to describe Jan Długosz (1415–1480) as a writer and hagiographer on the basis of his Life of St. Stanislaus (1460s, BHL 7839). In the first part of the article author presents a rhetorical division of the analysed source: (1) literary topoi contained in the prologue, (2) hagiographic topoi (with comparative examples derived from lives written by Jerome, Sulpicius Severus, and the Golden Legend), (3) argumentative parts throughout the whole Life (genus inartificiale probationum; genus artificiale probationum: loci a persona, loci a re, exempla, signa; congeries, incrementum, comparatio, ratiocinatio), as well as (4) two epilogues. Then author describes theory of three styles applied in the Life and shows figurae verborum, figurae sententiarum and rhetorical devices used in it. Next, the narrative technique is described. Długosz used in the Life many metaliterary phrases, e.g. to focus his reader-audience on presented events or to underline his own opinion on the presented subject. He also played with oratio obliqua and oratio recta while describing how Bishop Stanislaus rebuked King Boleslaus. In this part it is also shown in what manner Długosz prepared speeches in oratio recta on the basis of statements contained in the Vita maior by Wincenty of Kielce/Kielcza (13th c.). Subsequently, the author presents rhetorical periods and prose rhythm (cursus) applied in the Life. The second part of the study is devoted to the investigation to what extent Długosz wrote the Life independently from the Vita maior. Author shows that Długosz in his work presented information already described by Wincenty, but in the Life he put them in other places to build tension of the quarrel between the bishop and the king. In his conclusion the author states that Długosz’s literary skills were on a high level. Despite the fact that the Life observes the rules set by a literary convention of medieval hagiography. Długosz remained individual: (1) contrary to the hagiographic tradition, he placed in the Life four documents in extenso, (2) he also unconventionally put there seven dates, (3) moreover, in his hagiographic work he mentioned political issues motivated by historical arguments. These points are also reasons for the author’s argument that Długosz wrote all his various works employing the same principles.
EN
This article presents, for the first time, a complete compilation of sources confirming the ugliness of Elisabeth Habsburg, wife of Casimir Jagiellon. It also explains how the authors of the sources dealt with the fact that in Elisabeth’s case, the description anime et corpus (where a beautiful body should correspond to the beauty of the soul) could not be applied.
EN
The paper deals with the problem of the time and circumstance of St. Jacek Odrowąż’s arrival in Cracow. Thanks to the medieval manuscript discovered in the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg, the speculations about the time of Jacek’s appearance in Cracow can finally be brought to an end. Without any doubt he was sent to Poland not by St. Dominic, but by the second general of the Order, Blessed Jordan of Saxony, and came to Cracow in the second half of 1222.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia daty i okoliczności przybycia św. Jacka Odrowąża do Krakowa. Dzięki odnalezienie w zbiorach Rosyjskiej Biblioteki Narodowej w Petersburgu średniowiecznego rękopisu, można ostatecznie przeciąć spekulacje na temat czasu pojawienia się Jacka w Krakowie. Niewątpliwie został on posłany do Polski nie przez św. Dominika, ale przez drugiego generała Zakonu, bł. Jordana z Saksonii, a przybył do Krakowa w drugiej połowie 1222 r.
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2016
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vol. 63
|
issue 4: Historia Kościoła
29-41
EN
The 900th anniversary of the establishment of the Monastery in Clairvaux by St. Bernard passed on the 25th of June. In this context it is worth recalling this distinguished person who strongly imprinted in the history of the twelfth-century Europe. Moreover, 800 years ago there was one of the most important councils of the Middle Ages – the Fourth Lateran. He had to sort out relationships between the Church and the secular power, announce the next crusade and deal with the sect of the Cathars. What is more, it should be mentioned that it is the 600th anniversary of the birth of Jan Długosz. His Annales are an irreplaceable source of knowledge of the history of the Polish medieval. The recalled anniversaries lead us from Cîteaux, through Clairvaux to Kraków and Jędrzejów. They connect St. Bernard with Wincenty Kadłubek and Jan Długosz. The combination of these anniversaries with the Cistercian world is the subject of this article.
XX
25 czerwca 2015 roku minęło 900 lat od założenia przez św. Bernarda klasztoru w Clairvaux. W tym też kontekście warto przypomnieć tę wybitną postać, która bardzo silnie odcisnęła się na dziejach XII-wiecznej Europy. Ponadto 800 lat temu obradował jeden z ważniejszych soborów średniowiecza – Laterański IV. Miał on uporządkować relacje między Kościołem i władzą świecką, ogłosić kolejną krucjatę oraz rozprawić się z sektą katarów. Wspomnieć należy nadto 600-lecie urodzin Jana Długosza. Jego Annales stanowią niezastąpione źródło do poznania dziejów Polski średniowiecznej. Połączenie tych rocznic ze światem cystersów stanowi przedmiot niniejszego artykułu.
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2023
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vol. 32
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issue 1
135-148
EN
The aim of the article was to analyse the use of annals as sources for the first seventeen short biographies of bishops in Jan Długosz’s The Catalogue of Cracow Bishops which was written in its first version short after 1451. The research showed that Długosz used annals from Lesser Poland: The Annals of the Cracow Chapter, The Cracovian Annals, three Małopolska Annals from Dąbrówka’s Lubin Codex, Kuropatnicki’s Codex, Piotr of Szamotuły’s Heilsberg Codex, or their lost archetypes, and The Holy Cross Annals. Most often Długosz used The Annals of the Cracow Chapter and three Małopolska Annals from which he gained the dates of ordinations and deaths of Cracow bishops. The analysis also revealed that Długosz did not make use of the archetype of Małopolska Annals from Konrad Gesselen’s Królewiec Codex. The Cracovian Annals and The Holy Cross Annals were used by Długosz occasionally, each twice in the examined part of Długosz’s catalogue.
PL
The author of the article shows that both the Polish and Lithuanian historiography pays great attention to the opinion of Jan Długosz on Prince Vytautas the Great. The reason for this interest is the fact that Jan Długosz devoted a lot of space to Prince Vytautas, presenting his activity during an extended period of time (1376–1430) and, in his description of the 1410 campaign, depicted a highly ambiguous picture of the Prince of Lithuania. The Polish and Lithuanian literature assumes that Prince Vytautas played an extremely significant role in the preparation and the course of the Great War of Poland and Lithuania with the Teutonic Order whose climaxwas the battle of Grunwald. It is generally known that the Prince participated in that battle in person. The author of the article discusses the development of the Lithuanian research onthe activity of Prince Vytautas. Three aspects of forming evaluation of Vytautas the Great in the time of the 1410 military campaign are visible in Długosz’s opinion: military, moral andpolitico-diplomatic. Długosz also evaluates the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which participated in the battle of Grunwald. The literature on the topic underlines that Długosz’sdescription of the battle of Grunwald is one of the most exhaustive portrayals of Vytautas as a warrior and leader preserved in the medieval sources. The author concludes that Długosz presents an extraordinarily positive opinion about Prince Vytautas with reference to the battle of Grunwald while his evaluation of the Lithuanian army and its alleged abandonmentof the battlefield are definitely negative. In the description of the next stages of the 1410 campaign, Długosz’s opinion about Prince Vytautas undergoes a radical change which was supposed to stem from the change of the Prince’s politics towards Poland and the Teutonic Order. From a staunch ally and the commander of the battle of Grunwald he transforms into a politician interested solely in the welfare of Lithuania, insincere towards Poland or even plotting with the Teutonic Knights against Poland. Długosz, who in 1410 wished to make the most of the Grunwald victory, wrongly blames Prince Vytautas for ruining the opportunity of capturing Malbork.
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