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1

The Phenomenological Fallacy and the Illusion of Immanence: Analytic Philosophy of Mind and Phenomenology Against Mental Reification

100%

Gusman S.

Diametros

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2016

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issue 48

18-37

EN

Throughout the history of analytic philosophy the notion of the ‘phenomenological fallacy’ originally formulated by Place, has been used to criticize reification of the mental. Although this fallacy was originally not used to criticize the phenomenological tradition, it has popped up recently in debates between analytic philosophers and phenomenologists. However, a study of the history of both traditions reveals that a polemical notion similar, if not identical, to the phenomenological fallacy can be found within the phenomenological tradition, namely Sartre’s ‘illusion of immanence’. In this article, I will explicate these two polemical notions and place them in the context of their respective traditions. This will reveal that both notions must be understood as a criticism of a certain form of representationalism I will call ‘dual-world representationalism’. This deep-rooted similarity between the analytic philosophy of mind and phenomenology, in turn, sheds a new light on current discussions between the two traditions.

2

Vědomí a jeho odcizování ve filosofii Jeana-Paula Sartra

88%

Kiššová M.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2023

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vol. 71

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issue 1

43-60

EN

In the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, three works stand out for their compass: Being and Nothingness (L’être et le néant, 1941), Critique of Dialectical Reason (Critique de la raison dialectique, 1960) and The Idiot of the Family (L’Idiot de la famille, 1971). While the subtitle of the first work states that it is an “essay on phenomenological ontology,” the second work aims to study the “theory of practical wholes,” and the last work presents the method of existential psychoanalysis in practice. Due to their distinct focuses, these volumes can be presented as three entities independent from one another, differing not only in terms of their topics and terminologies, but also in their methodological procedures. The aim of the article, however, is to show that in spite of the different perspectives from which Sartre views human existence in the individual texts, there still remains a certain continuity between the discussed works. This continuity lies in Sartre’s effort to restore an authentic relationship between consciousness and the world. Sartre in fact never repudiated his initial concept of consciousness as intentionality, however much he later came to regard it as being inadequate. As a result of pressure from historical events and also the influence of Simone de Beauvoir, he shifted from the concept of “consciousness in the situation” to “consciousness in society and in history.” Across the range of his philosophy, he is primarily concerned with restoring the spontaneity of consciousness and prioritizing it over inauthentic attitudes.

CS

Ve filosofii Jeana-Paula Sartra svým rozsahem vynikají tři publikace: Bytí a nicota (L‘Être et le Néant, 1941), Kritika dialektického rozumu (Critique de la raison dialectique, 1960) a Rodinný idiot (L’Idiot de la famille, 1971). Zatímco podtitul prvního díla sděluje, že se jedná o „esej o fenomenologické ontologii“, druhé dílo si klade za cíl studovat „teorie praktických celků“ a poslední práce uvádí v praxi metodu existenciální psychoanalýzy. Tyto svazky se tak vzhledem ke svému odlišnému zaměření mohou prezentovat jako tři na sobě nezávislé celky, lišící se nejenom tématem a terminologií, ale i metodologickým postupem. Cílem článku je však ukázat, že navzdory odlišným perspektivám, ze kterých Sartre v jednotlivých textech pohlíží na lidskou existenci, jistá souvislost mezi uvedenými díly přece jen existuje. Tato souvislost spočívá v Sartrově snaze o obnovení autentického vztahu mezi vědomím a světem. Sartre totiž nikdy nepopřel svůj prvotní koncept vědomí jako intencionality, jakkoli ho postupem času začal považovat za nedostačující. Pod tlakem historických událostí a také pod vlivem Simone de Beauvoir se proto přesunul z konceptu „vědomí v situaci“ k „vědomí ve společnosti a v dějinách“. Napříč jeho filosofií mu jde především o navrácení spontaneity vědomí a její upřednostnění před neautentickými postoji.

3

Les Mots : les échos du silence dans l’autobiographie de Jean-Paul Sartre

88%

Quintilliano D.

Quêtes littéraires

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2017

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issue 7

162-170

EN

The sartrean autobiographical text The Words may be read as a testament that paradoxically establishes the silence through the excessive word. Sartre says when he does not utter, silences when he speaks and, through the dialectal articulation that he establishes between uttering and silencing, offers us a truly original autobiographical form.

4

Jesteśmy sami, nikt nas nie usprawiedliwi. (A)teizm oraz jego etyczne konsekwencje w myśli Martina Bubera, Emmanuela Lévinasa i Jeana Paula Sartre’a

75%

Kornacka-Sareło K., Zakład Kultury Judaizmu Europejskiego I. K. E., dr Katarzyna Kornacka–Sareło jest doktorem nauk humanistycznych w zakresie filozofii i adiunktem w Zakładzie Kultury Judaizmu Europejskiego U. J. z. k. s. w. z. w. f. y., kat.kor@amu.edu.pl

Władza sądzenia

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2015

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vol. 6. O przygodności religii w postsekularnym świecie

PL

Celem autorki niniejszego artykułu było ukazanie podobieństw pomiędzy żydowską filozofią dialogu a doktryną egzystencjalną, na przykładzie myśli Martina Bubera, Emmanuela Lévinasa oraz Jeana-Paula Sartre’a. Wszyscy trzej filozofowie stoją na stanowisku radykalizmu etycznego. W ich doktrynach zachodzi silne sprzężenie zwrotne pomiędzy etyką a ontologią: zachowania godziwe w porządku etycznym pozwalają podmiotowi aktów moralnych na uzyskanie ontycznego statusu człowieka. Proces stawania-się-człowiekiem postrzegany jest przez myślicieli jako dynamiczny oraz trwały. Chociaż Lévinas i Buber opowiadają się za istnieniem niepoznawalnego bytu transcendentnego, to jednocześnie podkreślają oni w swoim dyskursie, że za stan świata odpowiedzialny jest każdy z nas, nie zaś bóstwo – transcendentne, odległe, właściwie nieobecne. Z kolei, oskarżany o anarchizm i nihilizm Sartre sformułował podobnie radykalną teorię etyczną. Deklarując zaś konsekwentny ateizm, sprawił, że jego myśl wydaje się pozbawiona jakichkolwiek aporii. Skoro bowiem Bóg nie istnieje, to po pierwsze nie mają znaczenia kwestie teodycealne, po drugie zaś każdy człowiek skazany jest na wolność, ponosząc całkowitą odpowiedzialność za swoje czyny. Tak więc, uprawomocniona wydaje się teza, że wszyscy trzej filozofowie dążyli do skonstruowania autonomicznych teorii moralnych, a także starali się odizolować porządek teologiczny od stricte filozoficznego dyskursu, niezależnie od własnych przekonań religijnych.

5

The Notion of Existence in Jean-Paul Sartre's and Karl Jaspers’ Philosophy in the Literary Context of "Anna Karenina"

71%

Chojnacka M.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

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2020

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vol. 50

59-78

EN

This paper attempts to explain the notion of existence on the basis of a specific literary example. Firstly, we will analyze this concept in the thought of two most prominent representatives of existentialism: Karl Jaspers and Jean-Paul Sartre. Despite striking differences in the way both thinkers understand the notion of existence, they complement each other. I characterize the approach of each philosopher, indicating the sources of their differences and points where they meet. In the next step I will apply the concept of existentialism to a specific literary example of the existence of Anna Karenina.

6

Black Women’s Hair Consciousness and the Politics of Being

63%

Setlaelo S.

Eidos. A Journal for Philosophy of Culture

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2022

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vol. 6

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issue 3

24-43

EN

Black women do not want to become white women because they know that this is impossible. Yet, some black women straighten and curl their naturally kinky hair, or wear hair extensions, weaves and wigs that resemble Caucasian hair. Still, they recognize that hair is only one attribute of their Being and that even if they choose to wear non-African hairstyles, they can concurrently embrace other aspects of their black identity. So, is this a matter of cultural assimilation or integration, or is there a deeper ontological problematic underlying these cross-racial hair styling choices? I interrogate three arguments that black women usually advance for their hairstyling choices – the survival strategy argument, the protective styling argument, and the options-choice argument. I use Mabogo Percy More’s interpretation of Jean-Paul Sartre’s concepts of “the Look,” “facticity,” and “bad faith” to analyze Black women’s hair consciousness through the lens of his “Politics of Being” concept.

7

Člověk ve světě, nebo člověk proti světu?: Jean-Paul Sartre, Karel Kosík a praktický materialismus

63%

Šíma J.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2023

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vol. 71

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issue 1

61-78

EN

The evolution of Marxist theory in the course of the 20th century was characterized, among other things, by the opening up of Marxism to other currents of thought. One such confluence occurred between Marxism and existentialism. Thanks to their humanistic interpretations of Marxism, Jean-Paul Sartre and Karel Kosík are usually seen as leading representatives of this interface. Both emphasize the social situation of man in their theoretical approaches, but at the same time also give consideration to the uniqueness of his experience and practical relation to the world. This study will try to show that, though Sartre and Kosík share a number of motifs in their work, they cannot be said to belong to the same line of thought. They might converge, that is to say, but they started from opposite directions. Kosík opens Marxism up to ideas from existentialism while solving them on the soil of practical materialism; Sartre, though accepting Marxist social theory, still holds to existentialist assumptions in which the individual is situated against the world and their social environment.

CS

Vývoj marxistické teorie se v průběhu 20. století vyznačoval mimo jiné otevíráním marxismu vlivu dalších myšlenkových proudů. K jednomu z takových setkání došlo mezi marxismem a existencialismem. Jean-Paul Sartre a Karel Kosík jsou díky jejich humanistickému výkladu marxismu obvykle vnímáni jako přední představitelé této interakce. Oba vycházejí z důrazu na sociální situovanost člověka, současně ale ve svých teoriích dávají prostor také jedinečnosti jeho zkušenosti a praktického vztahování ke světu. Tato studie se pokusí dokázat, že navzdory řadě shodných motivů v jejich díle nemůžeme Jeana-Paula Sartra a Karla Kosíka zařazovat do téže myšlenkové linie. Oba autoři totiž vycházejí k onomu sblížení z opačných pólů. Zatímco Kosík otevírá marxismus podnětům z existencialismu, ale současně je stále řeší na půdě praktického materialismu, Sartre navzdory přijetí marxistické sociální teorie stále drží existencialistické předpoklady, v nichž je jedinec postaven proti světu a svému sociálnímu prostředí.

8

Altering identities. Possibilities of understanding identity in phenomenological pedagogy

62%

Breil P.

ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal

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2019

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vol. 9

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issue 2

225-235

EN

In one way or another, the other plays an important role in educational settings. Over the last few decades, the recourse to philosophical phenomenology has proved to be helpful for the discussion of this topic. Coming from this thematic direction, this article focuses on the other in its constitutive function for the construction of identity. Both within the phenomenologist Bernhard Waldenfels’ theory of responsivity as well as in the pedagogue Wilfried Lippitz’ theory of alterity, the other is a structural part of the self. It will be shown that within these theories the possible dangers of an encounter with the other cannot be addressed in an adequate way. However, this is especially important in educational contexts. Therefore, with regard to the philosophies of Jean‐Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, I would like to present two additional phenomenological approaches from which the pedagogical discussion can benefit. Both Sartre and Beauvoir put great focus on possible obstacles regarding the en‐ counter with the other. Whereas Sartre identifies negativity as an essential part of human existence, Beauvoir enriches these thoughts with an ethical component. Against the background of these philosophies, the other comes into view as a possible source of both objectification and empowerment. Lastly, the article shows that an implementation of these considerations in teacher training can lead to a deeper understanding of the constitution of identity and the inherent possibilities of any interaction with the other.

9

Honza Krejcarová: Existentialistische Zusammenhänge (Violette Leduc, Jean Genet)

62%

Galmiche X.

Slovo a smysl - Word & Sense

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2017

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vol. 14

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issue 28

88-95

EN

The attractiveness of Honza Krejcarová’s literary work is partially due to its fragmentary character and its role in the development of underground literature. From this point of view, it is difficult to compare to her the famous and scandalous authors of the French existentialist generation, in particular Jean Genet, cult author of France from the end of the Second World War until the decolonization, or Violette Leduc, who stood out as a name mattering in the initiation of the young generations to homosexual literature and one of the founders of self-fiction. In spite of all these differences, the kinship of the texts of these ‘unruly childrenʼ, at the same time ‘enfants martyrsʼ and ‘enfants prodigesʼ, with those, contemporaries, of Krejcarová is striking. The texts of their two more famous commentators, Jean-Paul Sartre for the first one and Simone de Beauvoir for the second one, helps to understand how the myth of these authors was born in a time fascinated by the principle of pleasure up to the death drive.

10

Nuda a wstręt. Przesyt, ennui i wstręt do życia

51%

Finkielsztein M.

Stan Rzeczy

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2016

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issue 2(11)

60-73

PL

"Artykuł przedstawia powiązania pomiędzy emocjami wstrętu i nudy. W tym celu wykorzystane zostały ustalenia psychologii emocji (w tym psychologii ewolucyjnej), powiązania językowe oraz wątki literackie i filozoficzne. Związek pomiędzy nudą a wstrętem pokazany został na dwóch wzajemnie się uzupełniających i przeplatających poziomach: odczucia przesytu oraz wstrętu do świata i samego siebie, w tym w swojej najradykalniejszej formie, czyli wstrętu do samej egzystencji. W artykule wykorzystane zostały koncepcje taedium vitae, ennui oraz mdłości Jeana-Paula Sartre’a.

EN

This article presents the connections between the emotions of disgust and boredom. For this purpose, the author refers to the findings of psychology of the emotions (including evolutionary psychology), linguistic connections, and literary and philosophical ideas. The relationship between boredom and disgust is shown on two complementary and interconnected levels: the feeling of oversatiation, and disgust for the world and one’s self – including its most radical form, disgust for existence itself. The article makes use of Jean-Paul Sartre’s concepts of taedium vitae, ennui, and nausea.

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The Phenomenological Fallacy and the Illusion of Immanence: Analytic Philosophy of Mind and Phenomenology Against Mental Reification

Vědomí a jeho odcizování ve filosofii Jeana-Paula Sartra

Les Mots : les échos du silence dans l’autobiographie de Jean-Paul Sartre

Jesteśmy sami, nikt nas nie usprawiedliwi. (A)teizm oraz jego etyczne konsekwencje w myśli Martina Bubera, Emmanuela Lévinasa i Jeana Paula Sartre’a

The Notion of Existence in Jean-Paul Sartre's and Karl Jaspers’ Philosophy in the Literary Context of "Anna Karenina"

Black Women’s Hair Consciousness and the Politics of Being

Člověk ve světě, nebo člověk proti světu?: Jean-Paul Sartre, Karel Kosík a praktický materialismus

Altering identities. Possibilities of understanding identity in phenomenological pedagogy

Honza Krejcarová: Existentialistische Zusammenhänge (Violette Leduc, Jean Genet)

Nuda a wstręt. Przesyt, ennui i wstręt do życia