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1

'ALLAH FORGIVES, THE SPIRITS OF THE ANCESTORS NEVER FORGIVE'. MUSLIM RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN KAZAKHSTAN

100%

Jessa P.

Lud

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2006

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vol. 90

53-68

EN

A few dozen years after Marxist-Leninist atheism in the form of 'political religion', Islam has got a new place in the social space, considered to be an element of the 'national heritage'. Completely new phenomena and processes observed in a Muslim community, help make a claim about a new stage of islamization in Kazakhstan. The process of re-islamization assumes different forms, expressed, e.g. by the activity of the groups led by charismatic leaders, as in the case of the religious movement called 'Ak Jol' (White Road). Ak Jol is a sort of hierarchical 'corporation' where all the members perform specific functions (that of shaman, clairvoyant, blessing giver). The integrative role of the group is very important - while systematically organizing the 'shiraq' ritual (the people who gather are healed and blessed by ancestors' spirits) and pilgrimages to the holy places, it acquires new members and strengthens the ties between the permanent members of the group who identify themselves as Ak Jolists, which emphasizes the supraethnic character of the group. The charismatic leaders of Ak Jol stress the Muslim character of the group, which, however, is open to the representatives of other religions (mainly Christians) and nationalities other than Kazakh. The ritual practice (including healing) reflects the process of synthesis between the Islamic tradition and non-Islamic tradition of the region.

2

Prześladowania Kościoła katolickiego w Kazachstanie w urzędowych dokumentach i pismach ks. Władysława Bukowińskiego w latach 19541974

100%

Nowak J.

Polonia Sacra

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2011

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issue 29(73)

249-265

EN

The paper analyzes the methods and aims of persecution of the Church in the official documents and in the writings of Fr. Bukowiński. Based on official Soviet documents, the author emphasizes especially prohibition of prayer gatherings, even in private homes. At the same time, some religious groups were registered to create the impression of religious tolerance. Believers, on the other hand, were persecuted under the pretext of action against Soviet authorities. The writings of Fr. Władyslaw Bukowiński provide clear analysis of these persecutions. According to the Servant of God, they were not meant merely to combat the faith, but to struggle against man himself and his dignity. The article is an analysis of the testimony and the defense of the faith.

3

ISLAM IN POLITICALLY SOVEREIGN KAZAKHSTAN

100%

Jessa P.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2005

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issue 27

149-170

EN

Islam plays a significant role in Kazakh society and is now considered a part of the national heritage. Current developments within the Muslim community of that country suggest that Islamization has entered a new stage. The first independent muftyat was created in Kazakhstan in 1990, and the growth of a 'spiritual infrastructure' in the state has followed. Islamization is a complex phenomenon, and each of its various currents aspires for a dominant position. Kazakhstan's Muslims, who as a majority have only recently 'discovered' Islam, have a wide choice of options in the newly established 'market of ideas'. The process of Re-Islamization assumes different forms. One is represented by the activity of groups which act under the influence of charismatic leaders, as in the case of Aq jol. The leaders of Aq jol emphasize the Muslim nature of the group, which is nevertheless open to representatives of other confessions (mostly Christian) and to nationalities other than Kazakh. Religious practices (including healing) among Kazakh Muslims reveal a combination of Islamic tradition and non-Islam traditions in the region. Another current process is the revitalization of Sufi rituals of the Brotherhood of Yasawihyya. Its leader, who returned to Kazakhstan from Afghanistan in the early 1990s, attracted a group of disciples, mostly young people, and opened a madrasah in Almaty. He emphasizes the importance of ritual. President Nazarbajev, who is a proponent of Kazakh political Islam, has contributed to the popularity of Sufi ideology and practice. But Sufism is losing its former influence, as its rebirth is taking place in a different intellectual and social milieu.

4

Świadomość historyczno-narodowa studentów kazachstańskich na przykładzie Uniwesytetu Al-Farabiego w Almaty

88%

Adamczewski P.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2011

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issue 3-4 (238-239)

172-193

EN

From the time of independence, Kazakhstan authorities seek to shape the united people of Kazakhstan. One obstacle in this process is that 95 per cent of the population of Kazakhstan consists of the representatives of seven nations, and an additional difficulty is caused by the cultural diversity of Kazakhs. The article presents the results of analyses designed in order to gather information about the present state of national and historical consciousness of the young Kazakh intelligentsia, its relation to other ethnic groups, the changes taking place in the country and its culture. The results confirm that, despite 20 years of independence, in Kazakhstan there still is a large cultural difference between Russian- and Kazakh-speaking Kazakhs. However, one has to admit that the country after a period of strong influence of Russian culture is increasingly undergoing the process of Kazakhization. This process is irreversible, although Russian elements will still be visible.

5

THE MICROPOLITICS OF ETHNICITY. CELEBRATIONS OF SPRING FESTIVAL NAWRIZ IN POST-SOVIET KAZAKHSTAN (Mikropolityka etnicznosci. Obchody wiosennego swieta Nauryz w postsowieckim Kazachstanie)

88%

Penkala-Gawecka D.

Etnografia Polska

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2009

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vol. 53

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issue 1-2

5-19

EN

The ethnic politics of the state government in post-Soviet Kazakhstan is marked by two main trends. One puts stress on special role and privileges of the titular ethnic group - the Kazakhs, while the other emphasizes the idea of agreement and cooperation between different ethnic groups in this multi-ethnic society. In this article thw authoress presents the old spring festival of Iranian, Zoroastrian origin, Nawriz, which has become one of the central post-Soviet official celebrations in Kazakhstan, as well as in the other Central Asian countries, and is popular among the wide public as a holiday of joy, goodness, blessings and entertainment. This occasion is particularly interesting as an event which reflects both contradictory trends in the state ethnic politics. Nawriz celebrations in big cities, like Almaty, are a forum for promoting consensus between different ethnic groups, and the festival is presented as a secular event and a vehicle of universal values that appeal to all people irrespective of nation, religion, gender or age. However, the other features of Nawriz are stressed during its celebrations in the rural setting of southern Kazakhstan. In those Kazakh-dominated regions Nawriz has attained the status of the most important national Kazakh holiday and, moreover, it has come to be strongly identified with an Islamic heritage. The same festival in different social and ethnic contexts manifests different and even contradictory meanings and functions, and can be used for different purposes connected with ethnic interests and state politics.

6

UKRAINIAN DIASPORA IN KAZAKHSTAN

75%

Nechayeva E., Tokar P., Onuchko M., Ruban S.

Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy

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2016

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vol. 9

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issue 1

5 – 15

EN

The article analyses the history, dynamics and current position of Ukrainians in Kazakhstan, causes of their migration and major migration flows, dynamics of Ukrainians population in Kazakhstan and their impact on the socioeconomic, political and cultural development of both countries. State policy of Ukraine and Kazakhstan is under research, also priorities of governmental and non-governmental organizations of both countries in meeting of the national cultural needs of Ukrainians in Kazakhstan, preservation of their identity.

7

HISTORY OF THE ALASH MOVEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE “EMPIRE OF POSITIVE ACTION”

75%

Tursun K., Gumus N., Bazarbayev K., Zhorayeva G., Kurmanalin S.

Asian and African Studies

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2021

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vol. 30

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issue 1

97 - 112

EN

This article considers the history of Kazakhstan in the 1920s and 1930s from the point of view of the “empire of positive action” concept, introduced by Martin Terry. The purpose of the article is to analyse and evaluate historical events in Kazakhstan as an integral part of the world history through the use of new methodological approaches. The scientific and practical value of the study is determined by the opportunity to draw accurate conclusions about the national policy pursued in Kazakhstan as a part of the Soviet Union. When comparing the causes and consequences of events in the history of Kazakhstan with the concept of “empire of positive action”, the use of methods of analysis and systematization allows us to make a classification of similarities and differences between the national policy of the Soviets and colonial national policy. This concept has not been previously used in historical research in Kazakhstan. The research in this direction is one of the important steps for integrating issues of Kazakh history into world history. The scientific findings of the study can be used in a deeper study of the specified period of the history of Kazakhstan.

8

CHANGES IN THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL SYSTEM OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE PROCESS OF ITS INCORPORATION INTO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE FROM THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY

75%

Shaukenov A.

Asian and African Studies

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2013

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vol. 22

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issue 2

279 – 301

EN

This article is devoted to studying changes that Kazakh society underwent in the political, legal and economic spheres in the process of its incorporation into the Russian Empire. This paper describes the peculiarities of the status of the khans’ power on the Kazakh steppe and the specificity of power relations in the society of the nomads. The author has tried to identify the causes of the loss of sovereignty of the Kazakh khanates from the second half of the 18th century to the end of the 19th century.

9

ON GLOBALISATION AND GLOCALISATION OF BIOMEDICINE - THE EXAMPLE OF KAZAKHSTAN (O globalizacji i glokalizacji biomedycyny - na przykladzie Kazachstanu)

75%

Penkala-Gawecka D.

Lud

|

2010

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vol. 94

107-120

EN

The article deals with the processes of globalisation and glocalisation, i.e. adaptation of global ideas and emergence of their local forms, with reference to biomedicine in Central Asia, particularly in Kazakhstan. The author analyses the problems of penetration and adaptation of Western medicine in Central Asia from the historical perspective, using written sources. While presenting contemporary glocalisation of biomedicine, she relates to her long time field research conducted in Kazakhstan in the second part of the 1990s. The expansion of Western medicine in Central Asia is connected with the conquest of these lands by Tsarist Russia. This period was characterised by the lack of a clear border between biomedicine and traditional medicine - the former adapted to a large extent to the local conditions. It was not a strong rival to the traditional forms of healing, which still satisfied most of the health needs of the population. On the other hand in the first period of Soviet rule very strong propaganda was directed against traditional medicine as based on superstitions, reactionary, and opposing progress. Nevertheless, biomedicine adapted to the local socio-cultural conditions, also in the Soviet period. The trends to bring together biomedicine and different unconventional therapies intensified particularly when Kazakhstan and other states in the region gained their independence after the fall of the Soviet Union. Some unconventional methods were incorporated into biomedicine (e.g. acupuncture or manual therapies), others, especially those originating from Kazakh folk medicine, were recognised and recommended by the state as good supplement to biomedicine. The author analyses these processes, drawing attention to the close relation between the growing importance of complementary medicine and the political and socio-cultural situation of that period.

10

Krajanská lidová léčba a ritualizované praktiky u Čechů z Ukrajiny a Kazachstánu přesídlených do České republiky

75%

Beranská V.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2013

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vol. 23

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issue 4

264 – 271

EN

The study writes about folk treatment and related practices as they have survived in the memory of Czech expatriates transferred from the regions of the former Soviet Union, namely from Ukraine and Kasakhstan, to the Czech Republic. A special attention is paid to ritualized practices and folk magic associated with the word, such as healing procedures, exorcism, and incantation. The means and approaches of folk medicine are viewed from the angle of ethno-medicine and medical anthropology. The presented knowledge are based on a field research among the expatriates transferred to the Czech Republic between 1991-1993, mainly from the regions of Zhitomir and Kiev in Ukraine, and between 1994-2001 from Kasakhstan. The field research was implemented between 2009-2012 in the whole Czech Republic. The mentions about folk treatment and related practices were recorded in nine locations. Fifty persons altogether were asked about folk treatment. As confirmed by the field research, the transferred expatriates used ritualized practices and applied exorcism in folk treatment. They have kept in their memories some practices and healing means recipes until today, twenty years after their transfer to the Czech Republic.

11

ADMINISTRATIVE AND TERRITORIAL CHANGES AND LEGAL REFORMS IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE IN THE 19TH CENTURY

75%

Shaukenov A.

Asian and African Studies

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2014

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vol. 23

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issue 1

89 – 109

EN

This article describes the certain peculiarities of the introduction of the Russian Empire’s legislation in the Kazakh steppe as well as administrative and territorial changes in the steppe region, which negatively affected the nomadic way of life, and together with other factors led to the phased sedentarization of the Kazakh population. The paper shows the process of the elimination of the khans’ power and its replacement by a colonial administration. The author pays considerable attention to the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the relationship to nomadic Kazakh society.

12

Ruská minorita v postsovětském prostoru jako nástroj zahraniční politiky Ruské federace

75%

Leichtová M.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

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2012

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vol. 98

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issue 1-2

97-115

EN

This paper discussed strategies of Russian federation how to use a Russian minority living in the post-soviet space as a tool of increasing own influence in the respective post-soviet countries. On the examples of Kazakhstan, Georgia and Ukraine, we have identified two basic phases of such strategy. First, group identity of Russian population has to be created, which can be made by the group itself, by the government of post-soviet country, by Russian federation or by combination of several factors. This process is in most cases not directed by Russian federation, but it is a product of broader situation. Second, a securitization of some situation regarding this „group“ has to be made. It can usually happen during some extraordinary situation such as elections, introduction of new law or change in social conditions. In this phase, is Russian federation already active player, securitizing actor. When fulfilled these two steps open space for Russian federation to intervene into the situation as a protector, advisor or relevant side of the conflict. As we have shown, attention which is in fact paid to Russian minority is often small in scale. It serves only as a justification for Russian federation to become part of internal situation in the post-soviet countries and to increase its influence in the respective country via „protection“ of Russian citizens or Russian speaking populations.

13

NATIONAL IN FORM, AUTHORITARIAN IN CONTENT: STATE BUILDING IN CENTRAL ASIA (Narodowe w formie, autorytarne w tresci. Budowanie panstwa w Azji Centralnej)

63%

Shukuralieva N.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2011

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issue 39

71-82

EN

After the collapse of the Soviet Union the new states of Central Asia faced a challenging task of building a new country, its symbols, relations between institutional power and the sovereign and imaginary geopolitical landscape. The grass root processes of national awakening were coupled with the deliberate activities of the dominant political actors striving to shape them in a way conducive to their power claims. Thus the monuments of great ancestors and the billboards presenting the image of incumbent presidents became very common element of the symbolic landscape of Central Asia's new republics. The official speeches of the governing presidents have frequently referred to great historical figures, constructed historical analogies, praised the thousand years old traditions of the fatherland and adduced historical evidence testifying ancient roots of the countries. This article is focused on the mechanisms of ethnocentric reinterpretation of the past. For the newly constituted Republics of Central Asia either the evidence of the past power status and glorious moments or of the past tragedies have been equally strong legitimizing factors both internally and externally. No matter, whether invented or constructed, propagated national values have played a key role in justifying the power claims and international position of the new countries. Additionally, the paper's objective is to analyze how state structures and institutions implement national solutions and how the authoritarian logic of the state institutions performed its power under the guise of national forms.

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'ALLAH FORGIVES, THE SPIRITS OF THE ANCESTORS NEVER FORGIVE'. MUSLIM RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN KAZAKHSTAN

Prześladowania Kościoła katolickiego w Kazachstanie w urzędowych dokumentach i pismach ks. Władysława Bukowińskiego w latach 19541974

ISLAM IN POLITICALLY SOVEREIGN KAZAKHSTAN

Świadomość historyczno-narodowa studentów kazachstańskich na przykładzie Uniwesytetu Al-Farabiego w Almaty

THE MICROPOLITICS OF ETHNICITY. CELEBRATIONS OF SPRING FESTIVAL NAWRIZ IN POST-SOVIET KAZAKHSTAN (Mikropolityka etnicznosci. Obchody wiosennego swieta Nauryz w postsowieckim Kazachstanie)

UKRAINIAN DIASPORA IN KAZAKHSTAN

HISTORY OF THE ALASH MOVEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE “EMPIRE OF POSITIVE ACTION”

CHANGES IN THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL SYSTEM OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE PROCESS OF ITS INCORPORATION INTO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE FROM THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY

ON GLOBALISATION AND GLOCALISATION OF BIOMEDICINE - THE EXAMPLE OF KAZAKHSTAN (O globalizacji i glokalizacji biomedycyny - na przykladzie Kazachstanu)

Krajanská lidová léčba a ritualizované praktiky u Čechů z Ukrajiny a Kazachstánu přesídlených do České republiky

ADMINISTRATIVE AND TERRITORIAL CHANGES AND LEGAL REFORMS IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE IN THE 19TH CENTURY

Ruská minorita v postsovětském prostoru jako nástroj zahraniční politiky Ruské federace

NATIONAL IN FORM, AUTHORITARIAN IN CONTENT: STATE BUILDING IN CENTRAL ASIA (Narodowe w formie, autorytarne w tresci. Budowanie panstwa w Azji Centralnej)