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DERIVATION AND LEXICOLOGY. DIACHRONIC VIEW

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EN
The paper raises the problem of the status of word formation facts in a comprehensive description of the language. The authoress, referring to a discussion that has been going on for several years concerning the morphological or lexical character of derivates, presents additional arguments showing that word formation should be included in lexicology. The basis of this research are historical and linguistic facts certified in ancient Polish dictionaries. On the example of lexicalization and tautology phenomena present in ancient Polish language she tries to point out the groups of derivate lexemes that should also undergo a lexicological analysis.
EN
The author notes that phraseology in the Slovenská reč journal has been investigated with small interruptions from the beginning of its publication to the present. The author considers the 1950s to be the breakthrough period for the presentation of phraseology in Slovenská reč, when both the previous results of domestic research in this field were summarized (papers by V. Budovičová and E. Smiešková in 1954) and the new (Vinogradovian) concept of phraseology began to be systematically applied (studies by J. Mihál in 1959 and by F. Kočiš in 1961). At the same time, the author observes that a relatively vast body of Slovak research in the field of phraseology has been published in Slovenská reč.
EN
The paper offers an overview of the scholarly work and the current state of research on multiword expressions (MWEs) in Slovak linguistics. The first part of the paper was focused on the theoretical issues in defining basic properties of MWEs, classification of MWEs, differentiation of MWEs and free syntactic structures, collocations and collocability, the status of categorical words (i.e. light verbs). The second part deals with lexicographic treatment of MWEs in different types of dictionaries: general and specialized monolingual dictionaries, spelling and other formal dictionaries, and dictionaries of collocations.
4
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Z historii slowianskich zoonimow. Wybrane zagadnienia

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EN
Zoonims provide information in the fields of linguistics, history, archeology, and ethnography. However, they are rarely examined comprehensively. This article investigates the words used for three most popular domesticated animals in the Slavic world, namely the horse, the dog and the cat. It studies these words, focusing on the history of animal husbandry in the Slavic countries and their contemporary geography.
EN
Being the most remote region of the former north-west Slav lands, Kashubia constantly draws the attention of scholars interested in the early history of Slavic people because a great number of archaisms can be traced in the language, beliefs and customs of its inhabitants. In this relatively small area of the originally tight Slavic settlement, which for several centuries resisted Germanization from the West, one can find, among other things, important source material concerning the magic and demonology of the old days (c.f. the bibliography attached to this article). The authoress discusses the Kashubian lexical items that show the evidence of the influence of the Church on the original beliefs in the pre-Christian world of demons: the former names of tutelary spirits of ancestors reduced to the names of devils and the names of demons derived from Christian names.
EN
The article concerns the lexical changes of the nouns in the three editions (1777, 1797, 1808) Roślin potrzebnych by Krzysztof Kluk. It is the continuation of the article about the phonetic and inflection linguistic changes in the same Kluk’s editions. The authors have noticed the correctors had removed from Kluk’s books wrong used words, archaic vocabulary, solemn words typical for religious style. In some cases is hard to explain why the linguistic changes has been made. It appears not have been necessary indeed. Easy to notice the correctors has preferred to use Polish names of months instead of their foreign equivalents.
EN
Lexicology as the study of the lexical vocabulary of the Slovak language was not at the forefront of the journal’s interest in the first two decades of its existence. The primary focus was put rather on the aspects of orthography and practical morphology, i.e. inflection. The theoretical basis of this subject only became a focus of interest after WWII. The peak of the theoretical definition of lexical semantics, which is the focus of this study, is associated with the name of J. Dolník. He eventually synthesized his partial studies published in journals in the monograph “Lexikológia” (1st edition 2003, 2nd edition 2007). The study also pays attention to the theoretical background, debates, and practical applications related to the approaches to lexical classification.
EN
In the article on the material of new Ukrainian lexicon factors of occurrence and the tendencies of fixation in language of innovations of different types are considered: new derivative words, loans, meanings of already known words (neosemantyzms). The special attention is given to the interaction of own and borrowed resources of nomination, in particular, word-formative, to the parity of tendencies of internationalisation and nationalisation of modern Ukrainian language. Dynamic processes in lexical and word-formative standards of the Ukrainian language, semantic-pragmatic and functional-stylistic differentiation of innovations are analysed. The phenomena typical for development of modern Slavonic languages and caused by national specificity of the Ukrainian language and the political situation in new independent Ukraine are shown.
EN
After the Slavonic peoples were baptized, the former sacral terminology had to be confronted with a new one. Before the Christian era supernatural beings were believed to exist: those were demons, not classified as either good or evil (the only distinguished group being protective spirits). Having performed specific rituals, one could force demons to act in their favor. None of the pre-Christian names of supernatural beings has been transferred to those of Christian good spirits (angels). However, some of the names of demons became names of evil spirits (devils). 'Bies', a ghost initially believed to cause insanity, which is indicated by the semantics of the word's root in the languages Old Church Slavonic and Russian, has gained the meaning 'szatan' in the process of translation of the Bible. 'Czart' was a mighty and cruel demon, as in Greek 'kratys', Goth 'hartus' (other etymologies being less convincing). The meaning 'Christ's mighty enemy' emerged among the Slavic peoples in the Christian era. Other names of angels and devils originate from the Bible. A name which can be found in the Greek translation, 'aggelos' (the equivalent of the Hebrew 'malak' -messenger) was later narrowed to the meaning 'messenger of God' and became common in the whole Christian world. Specific names 'cherubin' and 'serafin' originate from Greek as well. A few archangels are distinguished by proper names:'Gabriel', 'Michal', 'Rafael'. The name 'szatan' corresponds with the Hebrew and Aramaic 'satan, satana' (slanderer). In Greek texts it was accompanied by the name 'diabolos' (accuser). Associating the name 'diabel' with proto Indo-European *deivos (God), whose Iranic continuant, after the introduction of God's new name from the root *bhag-, became the name of an 'old god', i.e. the 'wrong god' (close to the meaning of 'szatan'), due to chronology and scope of usage cannot confront criticism.
EN
The paper pays attention to paradigmatic relations of word-formation, particularly to the component of word-formation system represented by the concept of word-formation chain which is the evidence of recursiveness in word-formation. The word-formation chain is defined as the order in which words follow each other while the next word is derived from the previous one in a row, e.g. Slovak voda ‚water‘ → vodník ‚water goblin‘ → vodnícky ‚relating to water goblin‘. The analysis concentrates on a statistical, word-formation and morphological analysis of 44,705 word-formation chains of sizes ranging from two to eight members. The most frequent chains consist of three words, two words, or four words, respectively. The data are based on Slovník koreňových morfém slovenčiny [Slovak Dictionary of Root Morphemes] (Sokolová et al., 2005, 2007, 2012).
EN
The paper offers an overview of the scholarly work and the current state of research on multiword expressions (MWEs) in Slovak linguistics. The first part of the paper focuses on the theoretical issues in defining basic properties of MWEs, classification of MWEs, differentiation of MWEs and free syntactic structures, collocations and collocability, the status of categorical words (i.e. light verbs). The second part deals with lexicographic treatment of MWEs in different types of dictionaries: general and specialized monolingual dictionaries, spelling and other formal dictionaries, and dictionaries of collocations.
EN
There is an analysis of paragliders' lexical variation, which is an example of a new variation of Polish. The article attempts to present ways of gathering and enriching vocabulary associated with paragliding, as a discipline shifted from the West. The paper describes obstacles associated with certain foreign borrowings. Apart from paying the lexis a closer attention, a more static view is presented, which indicates also the results of this development, like various degree of expressiveness the vocabulary contains, or the presence of synonyms.
EN
The article offers a summary of Slovak linguistic research undertaken at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb in 2018 ‒ 2023. At the beginning of the article a brief historical account of the initiation of Slovak studies is presented. The main focus of the discussion lies in the attained results, particularly highlighting book publications in syntax, lexicology and translation studies. Additionally, it briefly touches upon other forms of outputs.
EN
The article brings a contribution on occasionalisms, used by two acknowledged Slovenian authors Lilijana Praprotnik-Zupancic known widely by her pen name Lila Prap, and Bina Stampe Zmavc. The presented typology of their occasionalisms on the one hand derives from lettristic elements (V LENArtu je zivela deklica HeLENA), successive combination of words and their trunks in the new entity (levaca - lev- + (k)-aca) or inserting of one word into another one (oplevica - op- + -lev- + -ica). On the other hand there is the so-called modelling and creative use of already known native or foreign word-forming pattern, in which only the part of new contextual connected meaning of the word was replaced, such as (klept-o-sned-ka - parallel case to sladk-o-sned-ka) or (stavbotekt - parallel case to arhitekt). The function of such words is a word game with a dimension of nonsense, and consequently intentional approaching to children language. But for the authors this is a process of experimentation and a source of creative linguistic pleasure.
15
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Lexicons-texts-writers

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EN
The article discusses issues involving relations of scope of vocabulary included on one hand in the national language lexicons, and on the other hand in the texts of outstanding prolific writers. Results of research on writer's lexicon following the novel concept of topical lexicon dictionary of the rich and prolific creative work of Stefan Zeromski. So far, six volumes of the monumental work 'Slownictwo pism Stefana Zeromskiego' have been published: 'Przestrzen' (The Space) by Katarzyna Sobolewska, 'Dom' (The House) by Elzbieta Sekowska, 'Swiat dzwiekow' (Domain of sounds) by Barbara Bartnicka, 'Swiat barw' (Domain of colours) by Kwiryna Handke, 'Walka, wojna, wojskowosc' (Domain of fighting, war and the military) by Ryszard Handke, 'Mysl i mowa' (Domain of thought and speech) by Henryka Sedziakowa. There are more volumes to come: 'Swiat doznan zmyslowych' (Domain of sensual sensations) by Barbara Bartnicka, 'Slownictwo astronomiczne i meteorologiczne' (Domain of astronomical and metheorological words) by Maria Olszewska, 'Slownictwo topograficzne' (Domain of topographic lexicon) by Magdalena Czachorowska, 'Swiat roslin' (Domain of biological lexicon) by Stanislaw Cygan, 'Niebo i pieklo' (Domain of heaven and hell) by Monika Gabrys, 'Miasto i wies' (Domain of town and village) by Katarzyna Sobolewska, 'Swiat kobiet' (Women) by Kwiryna Handke, 'Swiat mezczyzn' (Men) by Ryszard Handke, 'Podroze' (Travels) by Katarzyna Szostak.
EN
The paper examines tendencies of gender categorization of nouns in the modern Ukrainian and Greek languages. It outlines the scope of nouns with variations in gender formation. It also shows much greater amount of gender variations of nouns in Greek, as well as the increase of analytical means (articles) to differentiate gender of neologisms along with the strengthening and unification of word forming suffixes, used to form substantives peculiar to the aforementioned languages, and identification of gender by hyperonym.
EN
The article presents the analysis of lexical calling Catholics and non Catholics in the eighteenth-century sermons by priest Christopher Kluk – priest/ scientist, parson of the parish in Ciechanowiec, KEN coworker. The vocabulary of the homilies is divided into four linguistic fields: members of my religious community, Christian-non-Catholics, non-Christians, atheists. This studies has shown a clear domination of the Roman Catholic beliefs and tendencies of everyday understanding of the religion, where there is an equal sign between the Catholic and Christian. It was also found that the linguistic field Christian-non-Catholics in Kluk’s homilies is much smaller than the same linguistic fields in the seventeenth-century preachers homilies. It may shows that in the eighteenth century, the echoes of the Reformation has not proved such a great emotion, even among ordinary priests.
Bohemistyka
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2015
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vol. 15
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issue 4
355 - 365
EN
The authoress analyzes semantic changes of lexemes love and mercy and grace on the basis of Czech and Polish language. She draws attention to the homonymy of forms in the contemporary Polish. The author refers to the etymological dictionaries and historical texts, documenting functioning of such meaning of those words.
EN
The paper presents current research activities in Slovak linguistics carried out by members of the Department of the Slovak language at the Faculty of Arts, University of Prešov. After introducing the history of the institution which celebrates the 70th anniversary of its existence (dating back to early 50’s of the 20th century) (Chapter 2), the scope of the Slovak language research is presented (Chapters 3 – 8). The range of these research interests is rather broad, spanning from lexicology, word-formation, morphemics, onomastics, morphosyntax, interdisciplinary investigation (developmental psycholinguistics, teolinguistics, sport and media linguistics), historical linguistics, dialectology, to the study of Slovak as a foreign language. Within each domain, the relevant projects and publications are described. Finally, the last chapter provides a detailed overview of the perspectives of further research in the field.
EN
Although it is one of the youngest Slavonic specialties at SU St. Kliment Ohridski, Slovakistics has attained its 30th anniversary. Its history, however, reaches much further back in time – to the end of the 60’s of the 20th century when the Slovakian lectureship was created, and even further back when during the 40’s the Slovak language system assumed its place in the lectures of Prof. Ivan Lekov for the first time. The Slavistic tradition at Sofia University is a peer of the university itself – a part of the Faculty of History and Philology whose first students were Slavists and historians. In the years of its existence, Slovak Philology, as an independent specialty within the Faculty of Slavic Philologies, has succeeded in occupying its place on a par with Bohemistics, Polonistics, Serbo-Croatistics and Ukrainistics, offering a full five-year Master’s course of study. Slovakistics graduates find proper realization in a wide range of professions both in the academic and educational field and beyond. At the same time, the teachers of the Slovakistic profile give their contribution in the academic Slavistic production both through contrastive research dealing with various aspects of the Bulgarian and Slovak languages in connection with the individual language levels (phonetics and phonology, morphology, lexicology and word formation, etc.), in the field of translatology, and also through the preparation of educational resources (computer and digital) in the teaching of the Slovak language and their theoretical substantiation.
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