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1
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The Church of Georgia in War

100%
TSURTSUMIA M.
Historia i Świat
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2019
|
issue 8
115-132
EN
In Western Europe the Church as an institution was integrated into the military system and was obliged to serve the monarchy. Apart from performing vassal duties, the Latin clergy frequently participated in military actions. Although the Church laws forbade clergymen to shed blood, there were many examples of the violation of this rule. The attitude of the Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire concerning the possible participation of the clergy in war differed significantly from that of Latin Europe. The Byzantine priesthood did not become involved in military actions. The Greek Church possessed neither military units nor vassal commitment to the Empire. Despite a very close relationship with the Byzantine Church the attitude of the Georgian Church to the issue differs from that of Byzantium and is closer to the Western practice. The feudal organization of Georgia conditioned the social structure of the Georgian Church and its obligations before the monarchy. Despite the fact that the Georgian Church enjoyed many advantages, it had to take part in military campaigns. The upper circles of Georgian Church dignitaries were accustomed to both conducting military campaigns or taking part in the combat. In regard to military activities of clergy, Georgian law was much more lenient than Byzantine, and in the case of necessity, it even modified Greek legal norms. The conflict with the Christian canons was decided in favor of military necessity, and it was reflected in the legislation.
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Patronages of the Saints and the Beatified under the Current Legislation of the Latin Church

86%
Syczewski T.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
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2017
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vol. 27
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issue 4 English Online Version
101-117
EN
The article addresses the following matters: the juridical-dogmatic foundations of the cult of saints and the beatified, the reason why we observe the veneration of saints and the blessed, and the roots of the development of the cult of saints. Also, presented are the rules of inscribing saints in the General Roman Calendar and the rules of inscribing saints and the beatified in the liturgical calendar, and the making of saints patrons of provinces, counties, cities, larger areas, streets, associations, schools, universities and religious community groups. Detailed information regarding the calendar of a particular country and the introduction of new saints into the calendar can be found in the current documents of the Latin Church. These documents emphasize that all celebrations concerning a particular Church to be included in the calendar must be subordinated to universal celebrations, as prescribed by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. It belongs to this Congregation to evaluate the conditions presented in a petition, to assign a liturgical rank and present the petition to the Holy Father. While saints can also be appointed – with the approval of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments – as patrons of provinces, counties, cities, larger areas, streets, associations, schools, universities, and families of religious. The blessed can be made patrons of these places only pursuant to a special indult issued by the Holy See.
3

Patronaty świętych i błogosławionych w aktualnym prawodawstwie Kościoła łacińskiego

72%
Syczewski T.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
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2017
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vol. 27
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issue 4
109-126
PL
Artykuł Patronaty świętych i błogosławionych w prawodawstwie Kościoła łacińskiego zawiera następujące zagadnienia szczegółowe: podstawy prawno-dogmatyczne kultu świętych i błogosławionych, dlaczego oddajemy kult świętym i błogosławionym, jakie są przyczyny rozwoju kultu świętych. Ponadto, zostały ukazane zasady wprowadzania świętych do Ogólnego kalendarza rzymskiego, jak również zasady dotyczące wpisywania świętych i błogosławionych do kalendarza liturgicznego oraz ustanawianie świętych patronami województw, powiatów, miast, większych terytoriów, ulic, stowarzyszeń, szkół, uniwersytetów oraz rodzin zakonnych. Szczegółowe dane odnośnie do kalendarza danego kraju i wprowadzenia nowych świętych do kalendarza zawierają aktualne dokumenty Kościoła łacińskiego. Dokumenty te podkreślają, że wszelkie obchody dotyczące Kościoła partykularnego, które należy uwzględnić w kalendarzach mają być – zgodnie z wytycznymi Kongregacji ds. Kultu Bożego i Dyscypliny Sakramentów – podporządkowane obchodom powszechnym. Do tejże Kongregacji należy ocena warunków przedstawionych w prośbie, wskazanie rangi obchodu liturgicznego oraz przedstawienie prośby Ojcu Świętemu. Święci mogą być także ustanawiani – za zgodą Kongregacji ds. Kultu Bożego i Dyscypliny Sakramentów – patronami województw, powiatów, miast, większych terytoriów, ulic, stowarzyszeń, szkół, uniwersytetów oraz rodzin zakonnych. Błogosławieni mogą zaś być patronami tych miejsc tylko na mocy specjalnego indultu Stolicy Apostolskiej.
EN
The Patronage of Saints and Blesseds in the Legislation of the Latin Church is comprised of the following particular matters: the juridical-dogmatic foundations of the cult of saints and blesseds; why we observe the cult of saints and blesseds; what are the causes for development of the cult of saints. In addition are presented the rules for adding saints to the General Roman Calendar and also for inscribing saints and blesseds into the liturgical calendar as well as establishing patron saints for provinces, counties, cities, larger territories, streets, associations, schools, universities, and religious community families. The particular details regarding the calendar of a given country and introducing new saints to the calendar are contained in current documents of the Latin rite Church. These documents emphasize that all commemorations concerning the particular Church which are included in the calendar, are to be subordinated to the commemorations of the universal Church, in conformity with the directives of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. It belongs to this Congregation to evaluate the conditions presented in requests, to assign liturgical ranking, and to introduce petitions to the Holy Father. Saints can also be established – with the approval of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments – as patrons of provinces, counties, cities, larger territories, streets, associations, schools, universities, and religious community families. Blesseds however can only be established as patrons of places only with special permission granted by indult from the Holy See.
4
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Ortodoksja języka czy język ortodoksji? Argument lingwistyczny w sporze reprezentantów Kościoła łacińskiego i Cerkwi ruskiej w dobie kontrreformacji

72%
Stradomski J.
Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej
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2012
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vol. Język naszej modlitwy- dawniej i dziś
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issue 3
125-134
EN
During the Counter-Reformation issues of using the national languages in the liturgy and the rite of the church became the source of lively discussion of the representatives of the Roman Church (Catholic) and the Greek Church (Orthodox). Strategy outlined by the Council of Trent to maintain the dominance of Latin as the universal language of all Christians subordinate to Pope after the establishment of the union in Brest-on-the-Bug had to be significantly modified. The best interests of the Church consolidation required concessions on the part of Rome and recognition of the Slavonic language to be, as effective as the Latin an instrument of the saving activity of the Church. Following the Slavonic, Polish language gradually breaks into the missionary and catechetical use, which the Greek Catholics are increasingly eager to speak. The subject of this article is the phenomenon of coexistence of many languages in liturgical and administrative practice of the Latin and Russian Christians in the Republic of Poland in the 16 th -18th century and reflection on resulting from this fact preferences and translations of polemic and religious texts.
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Polskojęzyczne podręczniki i komentarze do skodyfikowanego prawa małżeńskiego Kościoła Łacińskiego i Kościołów Wschodnich Część I

72%
Góralski W.
Ius Matrimoniale
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2016
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vol. 27
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issue 1
5-23
EN
Although marital law was attracting particular attention of the doctrine from the very beginning of its creation (as a field of science), only the promulgation of codes of canon law (CIC 1917, CIC 1983, CCEO 1990) “liberated” the natural need of issuing manuals and commentaries regarding marital law.The subject of the first part of the paper are the manuals and commentaries in Polish regarding the entire marital law (substantive), from before 1917 and then those issued after 1917 – before the Second Vatican Council and after the Council.The author discusses particular manuals and commentaries in chronological order and provides their evaluation.In that period of time several comprehensive manuals and commentaries appeared (in Polish) to the marital law included in CIC by: J. Pycia, F. Bączkowicz, J. Baron, W. Stawinoga, B. Wilanowski, W. Szmyd, S. Biskupski, W. Szafrański, M. Żurowski. E. Sztafrowski.
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Polskojęzyczne podręczniki i komentarze do skodyfikowanego prawa małżeńskiego Kościoła Łacińskiego i Kościołów Wschodnich Część II

72%
Góralski W.
Ius Matrimoniale
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2016
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vol. 27
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issue 2
5-19
EN
The circumstances of promulgating in 1983 by John Paul II of the new Canon Law shaped in the spirit of science and the guidelines of the Second Vatican Council, which was raising interest of canonist, prompted deeper studies over its norms, also in the sphere of marital law. Marital law has been amended and modifies since the Code of 1917, which was clear from the post-Council law and intense work of the Papal Commission on Revision of CIC.In that period of time several comprehensive manuals and commentaries appeared (in Polish) to the marital law included in CIC by: T. Pawluk, E. Sztafranowski, W. Góralski, J. Krukowski, M. Żurowski, P. Gajda and P. Majer.The authors of the manuals and commentaries to the marital law included in CCEO are W. Góralski and K. Nitkiewicz.
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Wpływ ustroju prawnego Kościoła łacińskiego na kształtowanie się aktualnego porządku prawnego katolickich Kościołów wschodnich na przykładzie urzędów protosyncela i syncela

58%
Bakalarz M.
Kościół i Prawo
|
2018
|
issue 7 (20) nr 2
45-62
PL
Urząd wikariusza generalnego powstał w Kościele zachodnim w XII w. Stopniowo jego władza umacniała się, aż stał się urzędem obligatoryjnym i głównym współpracownikiem biskupa diecezjalnego w zarządzie Kościołem partykularnym. Podczas przygotowań Soboru Watykańskiego II dostrzeżono potrzebę utworzenia nowej instytucji w strukturze Kościoła partykularnego. Obok urzędu wikariusza generalnego, ustanowiono urząd wikariusza biskupiego – nową funkcję o zbieżnej naturze prawnej i kompetencjach, ale przeznaczoną do wspierania biskupa diecezjalnego w poszczególnych aspektach jego działalności. W Kościele wschodnim powstał zwyczaj wybierania biskupów spośród zakonników. Biskupi chcieli nadal prowadzić życie monastyczne. Dobierali sobie współtowarzyszy, którzy zamieszkiwali wspólnie z biskupem w jego mieszkaniu. Tego towarzysza życia biskupa określano mianem synkellios, co w wersji łacińskiej uzyskało formę syncellus. Syncel był nie tylko współtowarzyszem życia biskupa, ale także wspomagał go w jego funkcjach, a nawet reprezentował biskupa w wielu sprawach kościelnych, przez co uzyskał znaczący wpływ w Kościele lokalnym. Unie zawierane z Kościołami uznającymi zwierzchność Biskupa Rzymu, wiązały się także z przyjęciem przez nie łacińskiego systemu prawa kościelnego i form strukturalnych istniejących w Kościele zachodnim. Jednym z elementów tego dziedzictwa jurydycznego był urząd wikariusza generalnego. W motu proprio Piusa XII Cleri sanctitati i Kodeksie Kanonów Kościołów Wschodnich rozwiązania te zostały ugruntowane. Wprowadzono urzędy wikariusza generalnego i wikariusza biskupiego, nadając im starożytne nazwy syncela i protosyncela.
EN
The office of vicar general was created in the Western Church in the 12th century. Gradually, his authority was strengthened until the office became mandatory and he became the main collaborator of the diocesan bishop in the administrative body of the particular Church. During the preparation of the Second Vatican Council the need to establish a new institution within the structure of particular Churches was recognized. In addition to the office of vicar general, the office of episcopal vicar was created – a new function with a similar legal characteristics and competences, but intended to support the diocesan bishop in specific aspects of his activity. In the Eastern Church, it was customary to choose bishops from among religious. Bishops wanted to continue their monastic life. A bishop would choose a fellow man who lived with him in home. Such a life companion was known as synkellios, which in Latin was rendered as syncellus. A syncellus was not only a companion of the bishop’s life but also assisted him in his functions and even represented him in many ecclesiastical matters, which made the syncellus a significant figure in the local Church. The unions concluded with Churches that recognized the supremacy of the Bishop of Rome were also associated with their adoption of the Latin system of ecclesiastical law and structural forms existing in the Western Church. One of the elements of this juridical heritage was the office of vicar general. These solutions were laid down in Pius XII’s motu proprio Cleri sanctitati and the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. The offices of vicar general and episcopal vicar were introducted and assigned the ancient names of syncellus and protosyncellus.
8
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Najstarsze prawodawstwo Kościoła łacińskiego w basenie Morza Śródziemnego dotyczące mnichów

51%
Degórski B.
Vox Patrum
|
2007
|
vol. 50
419-440
IT
L’articolo prende in esame il monachesimo latino maschile nel Mediterraneo perlustrando, per quanto concerne i secoli IV-VI, la legislazione ecclesiastica che di regione in regione ne ha regolato vita e modalita d’essere. Vengono analizzati gli atti conciliari del Mediterraneo latino che riguardano la vita religiosa maschile a cominciare dagli stessi inizi della legislazione ecclesiastica fino all’arrivo degli albori dell’Alto Medioevo. L’articolo esamina tutti i canoni concementi gli asceti che furono promulgati dalia Chiesa dell'Africa, della Gallia, della Penisola Iberica e delPItaha. I concili come tali manifestano molto bene la vita della Chiesa, rispecchiando i diversi probierni e le situazioni (spesso difficili) che influirono sulla promulgazione degli stessi canoni, fornendo, in tal modo, un prezioso quadro sia storico che, insieme, teologico-spirituale-giuridico. In seno ad esso, peró, molto importante parę sia quello che riguarda il monachesimo delle origini, dal momento che questo movimento carismatico-spirituale cosi importante per la vita della Chiesa nasce proprio in quel periodo e in esso trova le sue fondamenta giuridiche, che assicurarono il suo instancabile cammino verso la casa del Padre, insieme e a capo del popolo di Dio quale sua guida carismatico-spirituale. Vengono presentati i canoni riguardanti i monaci, e ció seguendo l’ordine cronologico della loro promulgazione. Viene presentata dapprima la legislazione africana, successivamente quella della Gallia e della Penisola Iberica. Pochissime, mycce, sono le leggi della Chiesa di Italia. E attraverso la lettura delle tematiche entrate nelle normative allora vigenti, e talvolta sensibili di differenze da luogo a luogo, che si comprendono probierni, usanze e dinamiche di un fenomeno il quale si e umilmente imposto nel tessuto della Chiesa e delle istituzioni. Ció testimonia pure quanto sia sembrato essere stato ritenuto importante il salvaguardame integrita e verita, e non solo il riconoscimento ufficiale.
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