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EN
The effect of Logo programming language on problem solving skills was investigated in this study. Eighty-five fifth-grade students were assigned to either an experimental or control Logo group. They were pre-tested to assess baseline receptiveness to figural and logical word problem-solving skills. After eight weeks of learning, the Logo experimental group had significantly higher scores than the control group on the problem-solving skills tests (assessing both figural and logical word problem-solving skills). The result revealed significant differences in the figural problem-solving skill between the Logo experimental and control groups. An implication was that Logo programming exercised skills are more critical and relevant to the figural problem-solving skill. Possible alternative explanations and suggestions are provided for future research endeavors.
EN
This article presents some selected issues on the characteristics of graphic marks used by modern libraries as logos that are intended to appeal to the target audience as both a trademark and a symbol of quality. However, in practice, theoretical assumptions and guidelines are often not taken into account. This is often the case in a situation where there are many similar institutions operating on the market and offering similar services. Libraries are a good example of this phenomenon. Logos of libraries (mainly those of national and public libraries) tend to copycat whatever the going trend is in the design of graphic signs, but also in common errors, and repeated patterns. Similarities in form and substance behind a logo blur the identity of a given library. In conclusion, the author postulates to increase the quality and the diversity of new logos to be used in various non-profit institutions.
PL
W artykule scharakteryzowano znaki graficzne współczesnych bibliotek, które są używane w procesie identyfikacji wizualnej. Logo poszeregowano według zaproponowanych przez autora typów, co pozwoliło na wyłonienie najczęstszych tematów podejmowanych przy ich opracowywaniu. Zbytnie podobieństwa powodują kłopoty z określeniem tożsamości biblioteki. Wskazano, że jednym ze środków pozwalających na uniknięcie trudności identyfikacyjnych jest stosowanie abstrakcyjnych znaków graficznych, których kilka egzemplifikacji podano na końcu artykułu.
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