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  1. 8 Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky

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1

Venture capital through European eyes. The development of venture and private-capital industry in Hungary and Central Eastern Europe

100%
Karsai J.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)
|
2006
|
vol. 53
|
issue 11
1023-1051
EN
The venture and private-capital branch in Central Eastern Europe is less developed than in the EU 15, but has greater potentials. Hungary is gaining increasingly from its initial edge in the region, while steadily approaching the norms of the EU. On the positive side, this means growth and globalization of the capital bases, rising importance of takeovers, and greater variation in exits. On the negative side, firms in the early stage of development encounter also in the EU difficulties in financing, the persistent drawbacks of a small national market, and reduced appearance of exceptional yields.
2

Rynek w edukacji amerykanskiej jako teoria oraz ideologia

80%
Potulicka E.
Teraźniejszość – Człowiek – Edukacja
|
2012
|
issue 2(58)
23-36
EN
If the research results serve their purposes, the supporters of specific ideologies make use of them in political actions such as educational reforms. That does not leave too much room for neutrality. The fact is that the debates on education have always been political struggles about who shall specify what should be taught. The two decades of attempts to integrate the public education system with the market brought about sectarian controversies in the USA. The supporters of a democratic school are convinced that its major aim is to shape citizenship as a way of living, while the advocates of a market school think that such aim consists in shaping consumption as a way of living. The latter ones say that they put forward instrumental means to achieve the required and universal targets. The conflict between these camps is normative and philosophical. It focuses on the question who and what shall set up political aims of public education. The key question in this dispute is a question whether the market is a utilitarian and instrumental answer to a clearly specified set of educational problems or whether it is an ideological agenda. The clarification of positive and normative dimensions of market theory and neoliberal ideology will be one of the aims of this paper.
3

Transformation of the mineral-water market

80%
Laki M.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)
|
2004
|
vol. 51
|
issue 12
1151-1171
EN
This case study presents the route taken by natural mineral waters from producer to consumer. Along with the description of the situation customary in market research, the transformation and history of the market for the product since the change of system is examined. The discussion begins with a presentation of the product and the range of substitutes for it, followed by differences over time in mineral-water production and sales and a description of the size changes in the market. Then come the sales path, the market agents - mineral-water production and sales firms - and finally, the institutions of state and voluntary market regulation.
4
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Specyfika rynku usług zdrowotnych

80%
Wiercińska A.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2012
|
vol. 2
|
issue 2
165-176
EN
Efficiency and effectiveness of marketing activity in companies which provide medical services, requires the specific knowledge of the health care market. The article shows the characteristic features of health care market that affect the management of the medical enterprises and their marketing strategy. The specific features of the health care services (intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability and instability), which have a key impact on the marketing mix used in the companies, were also described in this paper.
5
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Globalizacja korporacyjna, a konstytutywne cechy kapitalizmu

80%
Zalewa P.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2012
|
vol. 1
|
issue 3
243-254
EN
In this article the author attempts to qualify which components of free-market capitalism still correspond to the economic reality of corporate globalization. In au-thor’s opinion the activity of transnational corporations warp fundamental elements of market-led economy such as competition, price, private form of ownership and net profit as the only purpose of a corporation. The author claims, that nowadays it is necessary to think over both liberal and Keynesian tools of economic policy, particularly in time of recession.
6

POLISH PAPERS AT THE END OF THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 21ST CENTURY (Gazety polskie u schylku pierwszej dekady XXI wieku)

80%
Mielczarek T.
Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej
|
2010
|
vol. 13
|
issue 1-2(25-26)
333-359
EN
The author analyses the present market of Polish daily press and concludes that promotional campaigns conducted in the first decade of the 21st century have not resulted in increasing the number of readers. Daily press has for many years been losing readers to online media, mainly the Internet.
7
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Rady miast nadbałtyckich na rynku renty w XIV i pierwszej połowie XV w. (Elbląg, Ryga, Rewal)

80%
Kardasz C.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
|
2010
|
vol. 70
113-145
EN
During the fourteenth and fifteenth century the whole of Europe witnessed the growing indebtedness of town authorities. Efforts were made to cover rising expenses connected with visits paid by rulers as well as military and diplomatic activity by selling rents. In this respect, the Baltic littoral was not an exception, as testified by the examples of Elbląg, Riga and Rewal, which since the 1380s distinctly increased their debts. For the municipal authorities as well as other participants the rent market comprised a source of long-term credits or locations of capital surpluses. Despite certain analogies, the councils of the analysed towns opted for assorted strategies on the credit market. The ultimate selection depended on local conditions and the economic situation of a given town. The activity of the town authorities on the rent market was also associated with the specificity of urban religiosity during the Middle Ages, based on foundations; some of the latter were supervised by the councils, which also managed their property. The presence of town authorities on the rent market was rather insignificant and totalled about 10% of the global turnover. As a rule, the councils sought high credit and rarely invested.
8

NOVÉ PARADIGMY MARKETINGU V PROCESE GLOBALIZÁCIE TRHOV

80%
Čihovská V., Kita J.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2005
|
vol. 53
|
issue 6
611-625
EN
Article refers to the importance and grounds of marketing conception in conditions of global economy in spite of scepticism and criticism of the marketing theory. According to the Slovak and International companies it also refers to the important tendencies of the marketing theory and practice.It presents the development of marketing theory from the beginning till present. It analyses influence of global processes on the companies marketing activities.
9

Optimizaciya raspredeleniya resursov v social'no-e'konomicheskih sistemah (na primere regional'nogo rynka vody)

80%
Matsenko A. M.
Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky
|
2011
|
vol. 3 (53)
72-77
EN
It is proposed to determine the degree of resources scarcity and optimize distribution processes of resource markets in the socio-economic systems through administrative and economic instruments on the base of analysis of Pareto distribution density.
10

The Market under Control - Interest Rates in the Second Republic

80%
Leszczynska C., Lisiecka L.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
|
2005
|
vol. 65
167-194
EN
The principles of the functioning of the money market in the Second Polish Republic were subjected to far-reaching regulations which pertained both to legal aspects and the level of binding credit rates. The beginnings of the 'controlled market' can be found in the statute on usury (part of the reforms introduced by Wladyslaw Grabski), passed in 1924. This law, conceived as provisional, was supposed to overcome the 'high prices' of money, but it became a permanent element of the financial system, with consequences transcending the original intentions of its authors. The article analyses the configuration of interest rates in the years 1924-1938, and indicates the impact exerted by anti-usury legislation. The authoresses demonstrate the dependencies between the maximum rate, the interest of short-term credit, and the central bank rate. The fact that the government regulated the prices of credit must have obviously influenced the level of deposit rates. As the maximum rate was lowered, private banks began to aim at limiting competition for deposits; with this purpose in mind, in 1927 they created a cartel agreement about maximum deposit rates. In 1933 the government also introduced maximum deposit rates in communal savings banks and credit cooperatives. The existence of a maximum rate statute affected the way in which several banks, already functioning assumed shape: the Bank of Poland, private banks, state banks, and the non-bank market. The price of credit in each one of them was regulated, directly or indirectly, by the State. It is difficult to ascertain objectively whether the usury law proved to be more useful or detrimental. A discussion concerning those questions became intensified during the 1930s, when they were studied more widely by economists (e.g. by E. Taylor, M. Breit, S. Buczkowski, T. Solowij). A complete assessment of the correctness of the theses formulated by them calls for further economic research.
11
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ECONOMIC AND REGULATORY PROBLEMS IN POTATO STARCH MARKET IN POLAND (Ekonomiczne i regulacyjne problemy rynku skrobi ziemniaczanej w Polsce)

80%
Chotkowski J.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
|
2010
|
issue 4(325)
87-103
EN
The article analyses economic problems related to the existing and future system of support potato starch under the CAP. The potato starch market and branch economic have been described, as well as microeconomic factors that improve the efficiency of starch potato cultivation in agricultural holdings. Starch, as a renewable raw material, used for alimentary purposes and in many other sectors, is characterized by a high demand growth. In the face of growing competition from starch produced from corn and wheat, as well as of the role of potato cultivation in crop rotation, the continued support of the sector under the CAP would be legitimate.
12
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Reasekuracja w gospodarce zamkniętej. Działalność towarzystwa reasekuracyjnego Warta w latach 1949–1956

80%
Jastrząb M.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
|
2008
|
vol. 68
93-123
EN
The article is based on documents concerning the Warta Insurance Company and the ministries supervising it. The author intended to discover the reasons why at a time when the Polish economy was closed the state authorities decided that enterprises dealing with reinsurance should continue to exist and maintain trade contacts with their Western counterparts, and to find out how the objectives of reinsurance activity were defined in an economy aiming at autarchy. Moreover, the purpose of the article is to describe the grounds decisive for the range of benefiting from reinsurance protection and the form of reinsurance contracts. Warta was part of a competitive international market and, at the same time, found itself under strict state control. Hence, the article also considers the limits of the company’s autonomy and its possible impact on the decisions made by the authorities. The necessity of realising tasks designated by the state comprised a risk factor. The author discusses the strategies applied by the firm for reducing this hazard.
13

Społeczna odpowiedzialność biznesu i jej implementacja w polskim handlu

80%
Oczkowska R.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
|
2012
|
issue 880
79-93
EN
The paper reviews the core conceptual aspects of corporate social responsibility as a principle of business viability, and then focuses on the relevant practices adopted by chosen international retail chains operating on the Polish market. The research shows that in retailing: – the reporting of CSR activities in Poland has been relatively undeveloped, – the CSR strategies of retail multinationals operating in Poland fit within the bounds of their global strategies, though the implementation methods are adapted to the specific situation of each operating market, – there is insufficient awareness of the CSR concept and its benefits compared with more well-developed countries.
14
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Problem odtwarzania sektora prywatnego w koncepcjach reform gospodarczych w Polsce w 1989 r.

80%
Grala D.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
|
2009
|
vol. 69
147-167
EN
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the way in which the authors of market reform projects intended to resolve the problem of the creation of the private sector, privately owned enterprises in an economy that was to be based on market relations. The object of the research is the reform proposal associated with ownership transformations. A number of projects of economic reforms that took into account to a larger or lesser degree ownership transformations, were put forward in 1989, a year of crucial political and economic transformations in Poland. The range and extent of the changes proposed in the projects stemmed from a certain awareness and possibilities of conducting privatisation in Polish conditions and a perception of the private sector (its role) in the economic system. The analysis of these projects leads to the discovery of a certain dependence: slight ownership transformations and the supplementing role of the private sector in a multi-sector economy had been proposed in projects dating back to the first half of 1989, i.e. at the time of the Round Table negotiations, when the state was still controlled by the communist party and the production growth in the state sector was still maintained despite the occurrence of wage tension. The essential role for the private sector and a large range of ownership changes was proposed in programmes from the second half of 1989, after the Polish United Workers’ Party lost the contract election to the Sejm and a large coalition was formed around the Civic Parliamentary Club. The most far-reaching ownership transformations connected with the establishment of a private sector dominating in the economy were sugested in a project prepared by the J. Beksiak group.
15

ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTS DEMAND ON E.U. MARKETS BASED ON COMMERCE ACTIVITY OF LARGE STORES

80%
Ghita S., Titan E.
Contemporary Economics
|
2008
|
issue 3(7)
71-82
EN
Retail in large store-chains extended in well-developed countries. 465 million inhabitants express their supply on their markets; between 2000 and 2005 sales values were increasing; the increase-sources were the promotional prices, as well as the European buyers' availability to respond to the supply's diversity. After the political events that happened after 1989, in Romania appeared large hypermarket-chains and supermarket-chains, most of them being transnational companies that developed their own business in our country. Due to these commercial-units, the retail-value in Romania grew in a spectacular way, with more than 85% during 2000-2005 period, although from the retail-value per inhabitant point of view, we are far behind other European countries' level. The number of retail-commercial units, as well as the sales-purchasing value in these units characterizes the commercial sector situation in a country. For a comparative analysis at territorial level, for different European Union's countries, we will realize a multicriterial hierarchy, based on the two statistical indicators previously mentioned, and on other two general macroeconomic indicators: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per inhabitant and unemployment-rate. The main European Union's countries hierarchy based on the four criteria was realized by two statistical methods: the ranks' method and the relative-distance method from the maximum performance unit.
16
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„Jesteśmy za biedni, aby urlop spędzać w kraju”. Masowa turystyka i nielegalny handel w latach sześćdziesiątych XX w. Perspektywa polska

80%
Kochanowski J.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
|
2008
|
vol. 68
125-150
EN
In the second half of the 1960s consent to tourist trips to socialist countries instantly affected the development of an unofficial trade exchange involving, on a literally mass-scale, the citizens of those countries, with the Poles, the Hungarians and the Yugoslavs in the forefront. The purpose of the 'tourist trade' was to obtain commodities unavailable, expensive or difficult to purchase at home as well as to make a profit. This is the reason why the phenomenon, which fulfilled various social needs, was to a considerable extent tolerated (if not outright inspired) by the authorities. In the course of a single decade the 'tourist trade', which increasingly often transcended also the Iron Curtain, resulted in a professional penetration of markets and recognition of the scale of the existing shortages, requirements, potential and profits and, as a consequence, in devising new supra-system commercial strategies, quite independent of state institutions.
17
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Konkurowanie czy kooperacja – drogą rozwoju przedsiębiorstw w XXI wieku

80%
Kaczyński S.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2012
|
vol. 1
|
issue 3
163-173
EN
This article presents a brief synthesis of knowledge on competition and cooperation. The explanation of these concepts can help the reader understand what they mean, as well as choose which path of development in practice. Research has shown that the choice of method development is not simple. Can not determine which way is better, whether competing or co-operation. The final choice should always be to the undertaking. You have to know the market, your industry in which it operates, and then to choose the right path for our company.
18
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THE CHANGES OF THE CONSTRUCTION MARKET IN HONG KONG DURING THE YEARS 1990-2002

80%
Buszko A.
Olsztyn Economic Journal
|
2007
|
vol. 2
|
issue 1
79-87
EN
The main task of this study is to show the changes in construction market in Hong Kong. The study is connected with the time of 1990-2002. The construction companies were divided into three groups: foreign, local and Chinese ones. The major role in the 90 played the foreign organizations. In the middle of 90 the Chinese firms took the advantage. The background of this process was examined and presented.
19

MACROECONOMIC REASONS OF DEBTS IN POLISH HEALTH SERVICE (Makroekonomiczne przyczyny zadluzenia polskiej sluzby zdrowia)

80%
Szymanska K.
Contemporary Economics
|
2008
|
issue 2(6)
5-17
EN
The article deals with the problem of debts in polish health service. Author analyzes the macroeconomic reasons of this situation. As a main reasons are indicated: a specificity of the health service market, which leads to a inefficient allocation of health services, lack of reliable data on health care system, too low level of public expenditure on a health care, inappropriate allocation of public capital and a monopolistic position of the payer.
20

WEATHER DERIVATIVES - ORIGIN, TYPES AND APPLICATION (Derywaty pogodowe - geneza, rodzaje oraz zastosowanie)

80%
Binkowski P.
Contemporary Economics
|
2008
|
issue 1(5)
47-68
EN
The number of companies that are exposed to the revenues loss risk caused by weather variability is still increasing. The businesses that are mostly exposed to weather risk are following: energy, agriculture, constructions and transport. That situation has initiated dynamic growth of weather derivatives markets as well as the awareness of the weather risk among the market participants. Presently, the weather derivatives markets evaluate rapidly in all the mature economies: USA, Asia and Europe. Constructing weather derivatives relies on quantifying climate factors in the form of indexes, what is quite simple task, more difficultly can be gathering precise historical data of required climate factors. Taking into consideration so far development of derivatives n especially the financial derivatives based on different types of indexes n financial market has at disposal wide range of different types of proved derivatives (futures, forward, options, swaps), which can be successfully utilized on the weather-driven markets both for hedging weather risk and speculating.
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