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EN
It is difficult to define all the meanings and connotations of silence depicted in literary works. In the 19th century, where the Realism and the Naturalism paid much attention to the study of both physical and mental illnesses, silence was considered as one of the distinctive signs of madness. The paper analyzes four examples of this phenomenon in selected Zola’s and Maupassant’s texts (novels and short stories) whose characters, all mad or maniac, embody various aspects of the silence regarded as a pathological condition of a human being.
EN
By its mimetic exaggeration, the caricature could seem incompatible with the aesthetics of realism, which seeks to give an image faithful to reality. Yet the ironist Maupassant often applies caricature in his portrayals in order to highlight the exaggerated features of the character. By establishing firm links between the portrait of the character and the unfolding of the story, which illustrates the negative consequences of this extravagance, Maupassant reveals the danger of deviating from a moderate behaviour. The realism resides in the coherence between the caricatural portrayal of a character and their acts. It also derives from the application of a rational scheme to depreciate the caricatured character, whose extravagance, often in the form of a passion, provoke a misunderstanding of the objective reality. The impossibility of applying such a normative framework, as in the fantastic genre, could indicate the need to abandon partially the realist aesthetics and embrace other forms of writing.
FR
Par son excès mimétique, la caricature peut sembler difficilement compatible avec l'esthétique réaliste, qui cherche à donner une image fidèle au réel. Pourtant l'ironiste Maupassant a souvent recours au portrait caricatural afin de mettre en relief le caractère excessif du personnage. En établissant des liens fermes entre le portrait du personnage et le déroulement de l’histoire, qui illustrera les conséquences négatives de cet excès, Maupassant expose le danger qu’il y a à dévier d'un comportement mesuré. Le réalisme réside ainsi dans la cohérence entre le portrait caricatural du personnage et ses actes. Il dérive aussi de l'application d'un schéma rationnel mis en place pour déprécier le personnage caricaturé, dont l'excès, souvent sous forme de passion, provoque une appréhension erronée du réel objectif. L'impossibilité d'appliquer un tel cadre normatif, comme dans le genre fantastique, pourrait indiquer la nécessité d'abandonner partiellement l’esthétique réaliste pour embrasser d'autres formes de composition.
EN
The article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of water metaphors in Maupassant’s and Chekhov's comedies, which enables a clear understanding of the nature of their heroes. This, in turn, helps understand the nature of art and the picture of the world in general.
FR
Deux versions du Horla de Guy de Maupassant, considéré comme le chef-d’œuvre du genre, ne cessent d’éveiller des controverses parmi les critiques ; les uns les traitent comme deux versions du même récit dont la seconde est censée « corriger » et compléter la première, tandis que les autres y voient deux histoires indépendantes. L’article soutient la thèse que les deux versions constituent comme deux volets complémentaires du même récit dont le premier est raconté par un homme lucide, quoiqu’enfermé, de son propre gré, dans un asile de fous ; le second volet est l’histoire dramatique et émotionnelle d’une personne en proie à des troubles mentaux de plus en plus forts, provoqués par la peur de l’invisible, l’innommable, l’inconnu. Considéré dans une telle perspective, le texte de Maupassant serait un récit autoscopique, constituant son propre reflet ; les lignes narratives divergentes et une fin différente correspondraient aux deux côtés de la personnalité du narrateur : le rationnel et l’irrationnel. Les sources de ce dualisme sont autant la biographie de l’écrivain (qui sombre peu à peu dans la folie) que la fascination particulière de l’époque pour les maladies et les troubles mentaux.
EN
The Horla, written twice, is considered as a masterpiece of a short horror story. Its two versions are still objects of critics’ arguments : some of them see in the second text an amplified and revised version of the first one, whereas others consider the two texts as two separate stories. The paper tries to consider the two Horlas as two complementary parts of the same story ; the first is told by a completely ‘normal’ person who has asked to live in a lunatic asylum, and the second, full of striking, strong emotions, is given by someone who gives up more and more to mental troubles caused by his fear of the unknown, the unnamed, the invisible. Considered in this way, the texts of the two versions of The Horla become one “autoscopic” story, which means that it is its own reflect; two narrative lines and two different endings deal with two sides, one rational ant the other irrational, of the narrator’s personality. This dualism comes as well from the writer’s biography (his gradual insanity) as from his time’s fascination of mental illnesses and anomalies.
PL
Dwie wersje opowiadania Guy de Maupassanta Horla, uważanego za arcydzieło gatunku, nie przestają wzbudzać kontrowersji wśród krytyków, spierających się, czy są to dwie wersje tego samego tekstu, z których druga ma za zadanie „poprawić” i uzupełnić pierwszą, czy też mamy do czynienia z odrębnymi historiami. Artykuł stawia tezę, że obie wersje stanowią uzupełniające się odsłony tego samego opowiadania, z których pierwszą opowiada osoba znajdująca się w pełni władz umysłowych, choć zamknięta – na własne życzenie – w szpitalu psychiatrycznym, natomiast druga stanowi pełną dramatyzmu i silnych emocji opowieść kogoś poddającego się coraz silniejszym zaburzeniom psychicznym, wywołanym przez strach przed nieznanym, nienazwanym, niewidzialnym. Widziany w ten sposób tekst obu opowiadań staje się tekstem autoskopicznym, stanowiącym swoje własne odbicie, a różna linia narracyjna i różne zakończenie odpowiadają dwu stronom – racjonalnej i nieracjonalnej – osobowości narratora. Źródłem tego dualizmu jest zarówno biografia pisarza (stopniowe popadanie w obłęd), jak i szczególna fascynacja epoki chorobami i anomaliami psychicznymi.
EN
The paper discusses the problem of the awakening of senses and sensuality, with a visible connivance of nature, in characters of two novels belonging to the Realist/Naturalist movement. In Emile Zola’s The Sin of Father Mouret (1875), a fanatic priest having forgotten his clerical condition falls in love with a virgin girl who grew up in a savage garden. They are both involved in an erotic game set up by plants and animals living in the garden that want them to know the carnal aspect of love and push them to a physical close-up. In this way, the garden, named the Paradou, becomes both a kind of new Eden and an inferno of lust. In Guy de Maupassant’s Mont-Oriol (1887), a young and naïve aristocratic wife of a banker is seduced by a lady-killer in the wonderful landscape of Auvergne which makes her open for new sensations and new experiences. The sensual influence of air, water and earth makes the adulterous spouse discover sexual pleasure and transforms her from a girl into a mature woman.
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