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OD IMIGRACJI DO INTEGRACJI PO STATUS MNIEJSZOŚCI NARODOWEJ. PRZYKŁAD POLAKÓW W AUSTRII

100%
Czakon D.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2011
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vol. 37
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issue 2(140)
167-184
EN
The article shows the characteristic features of the Polish immigration to Austria. A description of the emigration to Austria as well as detailed statistical information concerning the number of foreigners, among them Poles, in the second half of the twentieth century are presented in the article. Moreover, it focuses on the results of the research which was conducted amongst the Poles staying in Austria. The research concerned the strategy which was adapted with reference to the departure and the time of stay of the Poles in Austria and the attitude taken towards the integration with the environment. There is a difference in the approach towards emigration life depending on the time of departure. People who left their countries in the 1970s were planning mainly a temporary stay, however, because of favourable currency rates they prolonged their stay. Seeing the advantages of living in Austria, they usually did not plan to return to their homelands. Those who had been persecuted in Poland or stayed abroad illegally, closed their way of return. Thus if they had not been planning to emigrate to more distant countries, they integrated quickly in the new environment. People who left their homelands in the 1990s live in two worlds, working in Austria while spending and investing back in Poland. People who have recently left their countries of origin, have been driven mainly by non-economic reasons, for instance they went to study. They are not attached to certain places but they choose the place of living so as to find better professional opportunities. Finally, some remarks are included concerning the efforts to acknowledge the Poles as the national minority in Austria.
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NATIONAL IDENTITY - PLURAL? SHATTERED? LOST? HUNGARIANS ABROAD AND THE FAILURES OF THE CENTRE-RIGHT IN HUNGARIAN ELECTIONS

100%
Weaver E. B.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
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2007
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issue 30
45-55
EN
While national identity and nationalism have long been recognized as being comprised of numerous components, they are often assumed to be singular and unified phenomena, covering the whole of any given nation. Typologies of the varieties of nationalisms (eastern–western, civic, ethnic, etc.) are generally based upon such assumptions. Another assumption often made is that ethnic nationalisms are more exclusive than civic forms of national identity. Through the example of just one aspect, that of the place held by co-ethnics who are not citizens of the national state, the author demonstrates that the assumption made by some Hungarian politicians and social scientists of the homogeneity of national identity, and attempts to mobilize it, has repeatedly led to failure in elections. The differences he demonstrates in perceptions of this single aspect of national identity in Hungary pose a challenge to assumptions made about the unified nature of nationalism, and have implications for other nations with large populations of co-ethnics living outside their state borders.
3
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TWO CENTRAL-EAST EUROPEAN MENTALITIES FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE STATE (Dwie mentalnosci Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej z punktu widzenia panstwowosci)

75%
Spiro G.
Porównania
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2009
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vol. 6
271-286
EN
The author compares the Polish and the Hungarian mentality understanding mentality as the attitude of a common citizen towards their own nation state. He describes turning points in the history of Poland and Hungary since the Middle Ages up till the contemporary times of transformation. He focuses on the most typical differences in the perception of the histories of their own countries paying particular attention to the Jewish issue and the different situations of national minorities. The key corroboration of the theses presented in this article is based on the comparison of the differences between the writing of Polish and Hungarian which reflect distinct attitudes of the nations towards their own state.
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Koncepcja pedagogiki kultury narodowej w odniesieniu do kultur mniejszości narodowych, grup etnicznych i kultur innych narodów (wybrane aspekty)

75%
Tytko M. M.
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
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2011
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vol. 3(39)
195-233
EN
An author presents in his study the problematique of pedagogy of national culture, based on assumptions (principles, guidelines) of pedagogy of culture. He shows issues, which are resulting (following) from prewar controversy in Polish pedagogy (Zygmunt Mysłakowski, Bogdan Suchodolski, Bogdan Nawroczyński, Kazimierz Sośnicki, Ernest Krieck, Lucjan Zarzecki and others) over it, whether education should be national (ethnical) or public (state)? The author shows possible solutions to this question with references to national minorities and with references to ethnical groups. He indicates the assimiliation, the adaptation (the adaptability) and the acceptance (the approval) in the process (course in action) of cultural integration the national (ethnical) minorities with dominant majority. He indicates „Polish civilization” (term by Feliks Karol Koneczny) as the common ground of agreement (consensus) cultures of national (ethnical) minorities in Poland. He indicates e. g. the problematique of Jewishes, Ukrainians etc. in Poland. He outlines the principles of cultural autonomy, cultural convergence, cultural tolerancy (broadmindedness) and cultural sovereignty of nations (the Europe of Homelands [Big and Little Fatherlands, Motherlands]). He indicates the Christian (Latin) civilization as the base (the basis, foundations) of national (ethnical) cultures in the West Europe. He shows the problem of national (ethnic) cultures (as the minorities) within the framework of the state coming into being (the European Union). He shows Austria-Hungarn as the historical example of the multinational (multiethnic) state. He outlines the problematique of national (ethnical) minorities based on depiction of the Second Vatican Council (the Roman-Catholic Church). The author describes the rules of non-equivalence (non-equivalency) of cultures, formulated by Polish professor Stefan Szuman (in years 1940-1943). The author describes selected comments (statements) of blessed John Paul the Second, concerning national (ethnical) minorities, formulated in The World Day of Peace Adress (1989) and e. g. conceptions of identity of national (ethnical) cultures and identity of cultural minorities in Poland in process of changes (the Pope”s comments from the book tittled The Memory and the Identity by John Paul the Second, 2005).
5
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Litewska szkoła etniczna w Polsce – izolacja w obronie tożsamości

75%
Nowakowska A.
Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne
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2013
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vol. 22
157-169
EN
My text concerns minority schools operating on borderland – area of multina- tional relations. I am interested in Lithuanian minority schools in Punsk gmina (Podlaskie voivodeship). I write the way teachers and minority leaders describe their own ethnic group situation. Diagnosis included in their utterances is defnitely pessimistic, expressing anxiety about Lithuanian community, there- fore I ask questions on social functions of said schools. Is not defending minority against assimilation and polonisation their main purpose?
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