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1

Decision theoretical and evolutionary explanations of social norms

100%
Orthmayr I.
Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)
|
2004
|
issue 3
3-22
EN
Darwinian evolutionary theory denied that the history of living beings followed any conscious plan or definite aim. Evolutionary theorists of social development like Friedrich von Hayek also insist that rational calculation has a much more limited role in social life than usually assumed. Institutions and extended orders of social life evolved through the innumerable fumbling efforts of individuals who did not know what they were doing. Thomas Schelling, David Lewis, and Edna Ullmann-Margalit have, however, shown that rational choice theory can offer a valuable tool for analysing even the most eminent field of evolutionary social theory, the emergence of conventions and norms. In game theoretical terms, conventions solve a coordination problem in situtations with multiple equilibria when actors have to find the same equlibrium. Cristina Bicchieri later argued that the knowledge of the game being played and the self-evident principles of rationality were not sufficient to guarantee that an equilibrium would be attained. In the case of the emergence of norms, game theoretical analysis has to be complemented by evolutionary explanation. Brian Skyrms also emphasizes the superiority of dynamical models of evolution over the models of rational calculation in the explanation of large scale social processes. But neither Bicchieri nor Skyrms want to replace rational choice analysis by an evolutionary approach, they rather combine them. Skyrms calls his approach evolutionary game theory.
2

NO SLEEPING BEAUTY WITHOUT THORNS: TRANSLATING FAIRY TALES. A MODEL FOR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (Nie ma spiacej krolewny bez kolcow. Tlumaczenie basni. Propozycja modelu analizy porownawczej)

88%
Coillie J. V.
Przekładaniec. Półrocznik Katedry UNESCO do Badań nad Przekładem i Komunikacja Miedzykulturowa UJ
|
2009/2010
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issue 2-1(22-23)
11-35
EN
Few stories have been translated so often and into so many languages as the classical fairy tales. Therefore, they are a true challenge for translation studies. This article wants to outline a methodology for investigating fairy tales in translation. The method is essentially a comparative textual analysis, inspired by translation studies, literary theory, linguistic criticism and discourse analysis. It can be applied to the synchronic research of fairy tale translations within a restricted period of time as well as to the diachronic research of translations of one or more fairy tales over a longer period of time. A step-by-step model is presented which makes it possible to classify and analyze changes in translations as well as adaptations. In order to bridge the gap between content and linguistic levels, a linguistic analysis is linked to focal points, grouped under categories from literary studies. The examples are taken from six recent Dutch translations of Sleeping Beauty, published between 1995 and 2007. In the final part of this study, a scheme is offered for the interpretation of the changes the analysis brought to light.It takes into account individual as well as social factors and it is based on the concepts of norms, systems and functions. By presenting a structured method of analysis, this article hopes to reinvigorate the study of fairy tales in translation.
3

SOME CURRENT ASPECTS OF ISLAMIC BANKING ACTIVITY (Niektóre aspekty dzialalnosci banków islamskich w obecnej dobie)

88%
Buszko A.
Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne
|
2010
|
issue 3 (47)
316-334
EN
The aim of this paper is to present some aspects which are taken into account during the elaboration of the strategy of management of Islamic Banks. Those entities utilize the Koran norms in their strategies of running business. Those norms are totally different from those based in developed countries. Islamic Banks started their business nearly 50 years ago and now they are a key player on the market. If anyone would like to enter this market, they are supposed to cooperate with Islamic Banks.
4

ANALÝZA VZŤAHOV V PARAMETROCH ZLOŽENIA TELA DETÍ V MLADŠOM ŠKOLSKOM VEKU

88%
Willwéber T.
Motus in verbo: časopis mladej vedeckej generácie
|
2017
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vol. 6
|
issue 1
23 – 29
EN
In this paper we present the results of the parameters of body composition in children on early school age. The sample consisted of 60 probands (40 boys and 20 girls) with a mean age by the decimal 6.73 ± 0.3 years. To determine body composition parameters were used for direct analysis of segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance using the InBody 120 (Biospace Co., Ltd .; Seoul, Korea). All the results of measurements, we mutually compared and evaluated using statistical methods. The parameters of body composition was recorded intersex differences, but not statistically significant. Statistical differences were observed in the total body water (TBW) and the level of the basal metabolic rate (BMR). The parameters showing the state of nutrition, protein mass (PM) and the mineral mass (MM), we also confirmed the statistically significant differences intersexual. Somatic indicators of significant statistical dependence is found between body height and weight, as well as between body weight and body mass index, which will be shown ontogeny is assessed as a natural developmental indicator. The same statistically significant dependence was recorded also in the analysis parameters obesity parameters of active body mass and nutritional parameters.
5

PRAVIDLA, NORMY A ANALYTICKY FILOZOFICKÝ DISKURZ

88%
Svoboda V.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2012
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vol. 19
|
issue 2
143 – 179
EN
This article strives to provide an original conceptual framework that should open a way to clarification of general philosophical debates on rules and norms. It makes a clear distinction between rules (and norms) understood as social facts grounded on specific relationships between social subjects and rules (norms) understood as linguistic entities. Norms are taken as specific social rules and divided into three different types: social constitutive norms, particular constitutive norms, and institutional norms. Attention is also devoted to relation between normality and normativity, to the role of permissions and to specific features of technological ‘rules’. In the last part of the article the outlined conceptual apparatus is employed for analysis of two passages from Wittgenstein’s Investigations.
6
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Sfera publiczna – funkcje, dysfunkcje, normy oficjalne i nieoficjalne

88%
Gadowska K., Jan W.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2013
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issue 1(208)
5-18
EN
The article briefly discusses selected sociological approaches to public sphere, in particular those of J. Habermas, N. Luhmann and H. Arendt, showing the relationships between this subject and the problematic of formal and informal norms. Authors stress the necessity of directing sociological reflection on norms in the public sphere towards the issue of their actual social effect. This should allow sociological theories to avoid empirically unverifiable assumptions and counterfactual convictions regarding the functioning of public sphere. Having said that, the authors introduce papers collected in the volume.
7

Procesy grupowe a rozwiazywanie antagonistycznych konfliktów: Czy idea demokracji deliberatywnej może mieć psychologiczny sens?

75%
Reykowski J.
Psychologia Społeczna
|
2007
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vol. 2
|
issue 2(4)
97-119
EN
Social psychological research suggests that under certain conditions social groups can engender powerful “synergic tendencies” that facilitate development of shared cognitions among group members. As a result of these processes, the groups can reach an agreement. The purpose of this research was to identify these conditions and test their effects. The research consisted of a series of group debates concerning important issues that evoked strong controversies among the participants, i.e. parents of school children who discussed sex education in schools (20 debates, 195 participants), politicians representing right wing and left-wing parties who discussed the same topic (7 debates, 35 participants), and residents of a county at the east part of Poland who argued about the site of a garbage collection (10 debates, 100 participants). Six to 13 persons took part in each debate, which usually lasted 100-110 minutes. The debates were conducted by a facilitator according to specially prepared scenarios. Before and after the debate, participants filled out special questionnaires measuring their attitudes and some psychological variables. The debates were recorded on videotape. The obtained data support the contention that social groups tend to engender synergic forces inducing group members to seek agreements in spite of differences. They also indicate that under specific conditions (perceived importance of common tasks, induction of deliberative norms, group authority that supports the task and the norms) the groups can reach agreements even in situations of serious ideological conflict or conflict of interests. The experience of working for agreement can influence participants’ attitudes not only toward the debated issues but also toward the more general strategies of dealing with political disagreements. On the basis of the obtained data a general model of the relationship between synergic and antagonistic tendencies in groups has been formulated.
8

STUDIES ON RATIONALITY (Vizsgalodasok a racionalitasrol)

75%
Havasi V.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
|
2009
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vol. 27
|
issue 3
347-364
EN
Nowadays there is a reunion of social and human sciences, a so-called transdisciplinarity can be observed. An example of this process is the research on rationality, which is the object of psychology, sociology and economics as well. These sciences use the findings of the others. According to mainstream economics the rational actor is fully informed, capable of calculating and preference ordering. His preference order is transitive, reflexive and total, his decisions are consistent. The theory of bounded rationality offers solutions to the problems arising from the lack or plethora of information, from the deficiency of calculative capability and the time required for a decision. It is debated whether the acts governed by emotions or norms are rational ones or not. New theories in the field of decisions under uncertainty try to give an explanation to the harms to the axioms of preference ordering.
9

MARIAN VÁROSS V KONTEXTE SLOVENSKEJ PSYCHOLÓGIE

75%
Ruisel I.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2014
|
vol. 69
|
issue 2
131 – 142
EN
Marian Váross significantly contributed to the institutionalization of psychology in Slovakia. As a result of an intensive study of values and kinds of evaluation at the universities in Paris and Cambridge he formulated a system of knowledge, which even today is still the original base in the field. According to him, theories of values can be divided into three groups: objectivist, subjectivist, and dialectical theories. To underline is also Váross’s including values into a wider psychological context, especially with regard to personality, attitudes, norms, and ideals of the individual.
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