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EN
The leadership qualities of political leaders in Africa are often characterized by historical and cultural determinants. It is a popu¬lar thought that the continent suffers from the crisis of leadership or lack of “good leaders”. The analyzed examples of two eminent South African politicians J. Smuts and N. Mandela represent a departure from this idea. Their respective political leadership styles and abilities stem from their particular personal traits and education. They are considered to be role models owing to their comportment and achievements. The role and influence of J. Smuts and N. Mandela on the situations in RSA and Africa as a whole cannot be overstated.
PL
Po obaleniu apartheidu w Republice Południowej Afryki pojednanie polityczne nie byłoby możliwe bez dialogu. W pierwszej części artykuł zwięźle przedstawia europejskie zrozumienie dialogu i porównuje je z południowoafrykańską koncepcją Ubuntu. W dalszej części autor analizuje słowa i czyny Nelsona Mandeli, które doprowadziły do pojednania między przeciwnymi ugrupowaniami politycznymi w RPA. Mandela stał się ikoną dialogu, jedności i pojednania zarówno w swojej ojczyźnie jak i poza jej granicami bo zrozumiał, że wolność człowieka nie może ograniczać się tylko do wolności jednej grupy ludzi, czy narodowości. Musi ona przekraczać wszelkie bariery i granice. Dlatego w późniejszym etapie swojego życia Mandela postrzegał już świat jako jedną wspólnotę połączoną ze sobą więzami zarówno osobistymi jak i społecznymi, które powinny być pielęgnowane w duchu Ubuntu. Zapewne udało mu się osiągnąć takie wyżyny dojrzałości bo cenił wiarę w Boga, korzystał z osiągnięć wielkich przywódców politycznych i duchowych, wsłuchiwał się w wołanie swoich rodaków o wolność oraz był gotowy do poświeceń.
EN
The process of national reconciliation in South Africa after abolishing of apartheid would have been impossible without dialogue. The article highlights first some of the main ideas of the European filosophy of dialogue and compares them with the key elements of the South African filosophy of Ubuntu. Then Nelson Mandela’s convictions and actions towards dialogue and reconciliation are put forth and discussed. Mandela grew into an icon of dialogue, reconciliation and national unity through his personal faith, through examples set by some great political and moral leaders, through encounters with simple and honest people who had striven for freedom, and through his own sacrifices. These sources enabled him both to create a universal vision of human freedom going beyond freedom for South Africa, and to generate a strength going beyond the strength to satisfy his own, his family, or his country needs. At the end of his life, he perceived the whole world as an interdependent community in need of maintaining relationships in the spirit of Ubuntu.
EN
The paper presents results of the qualitative–to–quantitative narrative analysis of the transitional remembrance policy in South Africa during Nelson R. Mandela’s presidency. It refers to findings on the structure of political applications of historical interpretations to the issue of national identity reconstruction during democratisation. Therefore, the paper considers a degree in which remembrance story–telling was used to legitimise, justify, explain and promote the Rainbow Nation, the inclusive and non–racial vision of South Africa’s ’ideal self’ based on Archbishop Desmond Tutu’s theology of Ubuntu hoping. It investigated these relationships on eight levels – legitimisation of new elites, presence of former elites, transitional justice, social costs of transformations, promotion of new standards, the symbolic roles of democratisation, need for national unity and the new state’s identity in international politics. Moreover, the paper introduces a draft comparison with other cases of transitional remembrance policy – Chile, Estonia, Georgia, Poland and Spain – and it offers the structural model of the use of historical interpretations in South African transition, as well as discussing it with reference to the general model of the transitional remembrance policy.
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