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Papal Elections on the Eve of Issuance of the Papal Decree In nomine Domini – Historical Analysis of the Election of Popes Stephen IX and Nicholas II

100%
Suchánek D.
West Bohemian Historical Review
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2020
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vol. 10
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issue 2
143-166
EN
In the context of the further history of papal elections, the importance of Nicholas II’s electoral decree is fundamental. It is at the origin of the dominant position of the College of Cardinals in the selection of the new head of the Catholic Church in a form which was enforced as binding. This study considers the circumstances of the two papal elections – Stephen IX and Nicholas II. It is based on a conviction that an endeavour at defining the rules for the election of the head of the Catholic Church is closely linked to the specific situation at the end of the 1050s, and like many previous legislative amendments to the election process reflects major problems which the Roman Curia had to deal with. If we want to understand the significance and target of Nicholas II’s electoral decree, it is essential to analyse the situation which preceded the issuance of the decree in detail. The study therefore deals not only with the circumstances around the election of Pope Nicholas II, with whom the electoral modification is primarily linked, but also the pro-reform Stephen IX and Antipope Benedict X. This is because each proves a different approach to the desired form of securing a new pope and demonstrates a distinct concept for determining electors and an appropriate method for their establishment at the Holy See.
2
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Ciało i świętość. Przypadek XIX-wiecznych świętych starców rosyjskich

100%
Grygiel S.
Adeptus
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2017
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issue 9
EN
The body and the sanctity. The case of the 19th-century Russian holy startsyThe article considers references to the body appearing in selected texts concerning 19thcentury Russian holy startsy. Three conditions of a holy man’s body are discussed: living, immediately after death and as relics. The body plays an important role in creating the image of holiness of startsy during their lifetime. In the chapter The Breath of Corruption in Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Brothers Karamazov, the sacred status of starets Zosima’s dead body is cancelled by the crowd’s interpretation of his body’s putrefaction as judgment of God refuting the holiness of the deceased monk. This, in turn, allows for a discrediting the life of the starets. Mirroring the events of Dostoyevsky’s novel, the dead body of a monk became subject of dispute shortly before the canonization of the starets Seraphim of Sarov in 1903. Drawing on the commonness of the view identifying putrefaction of the body with profanity, a Petersburg anti-Orthodox association sought to discredit the Russian Orthodox Church by demanding that the coffin of Seraphim of Sarov is reopened. The answer of Antonius, the Metropolitan of Petersburg, was an article, in which he argued that inviolability of the body was not a necessary condition of holiness. During the canonization, the adored relics of Saint Seraphim were used by the state power to strengthen the bond between Tsar Nicholas II and the people.  Ciało i świętość. Przypadek XIX-wiecznych świętych starców rosyjskichArtykuł rozważa odniesienia do ciała pojawiające się w wybranych tekstach dotyczących XIX-wiecznych rosyjskich świętych starców. Zostały w nim omówione trzy stany ciała świętego: za życia, tuż po śmierci oraz w postaci relikwii. Ciało odgrywa ważną rolę w kreowaniu obrazu świętości starców podczas ich życia. W rozdziale Odór trupi w powieści Bracia Karamazow Fiodora Dostojewskiego sakralny status martwego ciała starca Zosimy zostaje unieważniony przez zgromadzony tłum poprzez zinterpretowanie gnicia ciała jako wyroku bożego przeczącego świętości zmarłego. Dzięki temu możliwa jest dyskredytacja osoby starca za życia. Podobnie jak w powieści Dostojewskiego ciało zmarłego mnicha stało się przedmiotem sporu niedługo przed kanonizacją starca Serafina z Sarowa w 1903 roku. Powszechność poglądu utożsamiającego gnicie ciała z profanum sprawiła, że zwalczający prawosławie petersburski związek domagał się ponownego otwarcia trumny Serafina z Sarowa, chcąc podważyć wiarygodność Rosyjskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej. Głos w sprawie szczątków starca zabrał metropolita Petersburga Antoni, przekonując, że nienaruszalność zwłok nie jest koniecznym warunkiem świętości. Podczas uroczystości kanonizacyjnych adorowane relikwie św. Serafina zostały wykorzystane w służbie władzy państwowej w celu wzmocnienia więzi pomiędzy carem Mikołajem II a ludem.
3
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„Bizantynizm i ,,styl bizantyjski” w dyskursie komitetu troski o rosyjskie malarstwo ikonowe (1901 – 1918)

80%
Walczak D.
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 29
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issue 1
233-240
EN
The main purpose of this article is to indicate the references to Byzantine art that appear in the discourse of the Committee for Care on Russian Icon Painting (in Russian: Комитет попечительства о русской иконописи, 1901-1918) and to point to their ideological functions. The author tries to show whether and how Byzantine patterns were used in the publications of this institution (above all, in the Nikodim Kondakov icon podlinnik). She proves that the use of references to the art of Byzantium was an element of the program of religious revival postulated by Nicholas II, and perfectly matched the theocentric utopia created by the tsar.
PL
Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest pokazanie odniesień do sztuki bizantyjskiej, które pojawiają się w dyskursie Komitetu Troski o Rosyjskie Malarstwo Ikonowe (ros. Комитет попечительства о русской иконописи, 1901-1918), a także wskazanie ich funkcji ideologicznych. Autor stara się pokazać, czy i w jaki sposób wzorce bizantyjskie były wykorzystywane w publikacjach tej instytucji (przede wszystkim w podlinniku ikonopisarskim Nikodima Kondakowa). Udowadnia, że zastosowanie nawiązań do sztuki bizantyjskiej było elementem postulowanego przez Mikołaja II programu odrodzenia religijnego, a także doskonale wpisywało się w teocentryczną utopię, stworzoną przez tego cara.
4
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Koncepcje ustrojowo-prawne oraz ekonomiczne Siergieja Juliewicza Witte

71%
Oszczyk M.
Studia Iuridica
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2016
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vol. 66
301-312
PL
Siergiej Juliewicz Witte (1849–1915) was the prominent Russian statesman. He was the first Prime Minister in the history of that country. During the reign of Alexander III and at the beginning of rule of Nicolaus II, he was the follower of samodierżawije, but gradually started supporting constitutional system. This ideological change was a result of Russian – Japanese war and of 1905 revolution. He was an author of October manifesto. Local government criticized the institution of samodzierżawije, but he incorporated it in a constitutional system. He declared for individual estate and for liquidation of landed estate/community. He created the conditions for the industrialization process in Russia. Siergiej Witte criticized Russian participation in the 1st World War.
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Koncepcje ustrojowo-prawne oraz ekonomiczne Siergieja Juliewicza Witte

71%
Oszczyk M.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 66
301-312
PL
Siergiej Juliewicz Witte (1849–1915) was the prominent Russian statesman. He was the first Prime Minister in the history of that country. During the reign of Alexander III and at the beginning of rule of Nicolaus II, he was the follower of samodierżawije, but gradually started supporting constitutional system. This ideological change was a result of Russian – Japanese war and of 1905 revolution. He was an author of October manifesto. Local government criticized the institution of samodzierżawije, but he incorporated it in a constitutional system. He declared for individual estate and for liquidation of landed estate/community. He created the conditions for the industrialization process in Russia. Siergiej Witte criticized Russian participation in the 1st World War.
6
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Cenzura w Rosji 1855-1917 – na marginesie książki Pawła Siemionowicza Riejfmana

71%
Kostecki J.
Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi
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2019
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issue 13
351-360
EN
The article is the review of the book by Paweł Siemionowicz Riejfman, historian of press and literature, Cenzura w doriewolucyonnoj, sowietskoj i postsowietskoj Rossii. T. 1. Cenzura w doriewolucyonnoj Rossii (Censorship in pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet Russia, vol. 1. Censorship in pre-revolutionary Russia), published in Moscow in 2017. This is the third number of this first volume. There will be two volumes in total, consisting of lectures given by Riejfman in the years 2001-2003 at the university in Tartu. This number refers to the period from the Alexander II accession to the throne up to the end of the Nicholas II ruling. The author focuses on the authorities’ control of the press at that time. This is a compilation work, as Riejfman did not any own studies on censorship.
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