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PL
The Word of Wisdom is a relatively small-sized relic of medieval eastern Slavic literature from what is certainly the oldest period of its existence, i.e. from before the Mongol invasion of Rus. It is attributed usually to Cyril of Turov (who died before 1182), one of the greatest writers of the Old Russian period. The oldest manuscript containing the full text of the Word of Wisdom is the parchment code from the thirteenth century, which is currently stored in the collections of the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg. A small fragment of the Word of Wisdom was also written on a birch bark document, found in its entirety in Torzhok near Novgorod the Great. This relic is usually dated to the years 1170-1190.
PL
The Old-Russian account about the siege of Constantinople by participants of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 has survived in several East Slavic historiographical texts and represents primarily an independent literary work. Certainly, the earliest of these texts is the Novgorod First Chronicle. It is an older edition preserved only in one copy – the so-called “Synodal manuscript”, which was written in the middle of the thirteenth century. At that time the story was written. Its author could have taken information about the events he described directly from eyewitnesses. His account of events is characterized by objectivity and credibility and constitutes a valuable resource for the study of the Fourth Crusade
EN
The idea of Sophia – the personified Wisdom of God served as a symbol of independence and identity of the republic in the political culture of Novgorod the Great. In Old Russian chronicles and other narrative sources which can be connected with Novgorod, one may find statements showing that – in the eyes of the Novgorodians themselves – Wisdom was not only one of the main attributes of God, but also a separate character, a kind of divine being, who could be interpreted as patronesses and supernatural protector of the city-state. Construction of the temple of Hagia Sophia in Novgorod is usually dated to 1045–1050. In the source material one can find information that Novgorodian Sophia church was undoubtedly the most significant and important monument in the city. The theme of Wisdom of God is also a very prominent topic in Novgorodian historiography and literature. Moreover, the feminine personification of God’s Wisdom can also be found on the coins, emitted by the city-state from 1420.
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