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EN
The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 56 (2008), issue 1. The paper is a hidden polemic with the texts that have recently been published (not quoted by their names or indicated in the footnotes). These texts have brought forth a diagnosis that there is a delay in terms of methodology with regard to the studies on Old-Polish literature and have postulated their application to the studies on ancient literature. The author formulates her belief that traditional philology is indispensable in the studies on Old-Polish literature with an awareness that there should be a free choice in selecting the method of its interpretation. The text emerges from a protest against the rhetoric of methodological directives formulated under the influence of fashion, ideology, or fatigue with the object of research and from radical distrust to methodological directives as such, and the majority of directives in general.
Pamiętnik Literacki
|
2020
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vol. 111
|
issue 2
282-289
PL
Recenzja omawia monografię Jana Okonia, poświęconą działalności jezuickich teatrów szkolnych w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Autor proponuje spojrzenie na teatr jezuicki poprzez pryzmat jego służebności wobec społeczeństwa i państwa. Bogactwo analizowanego materiału dowodzi, iż teatr szkolny był zaangażowany w wychowywanie obywatelskie oraz szerzył idee miłości ojczyzny i odpowiedzialności za dobro wspólne. Swoje analizy Okoń każdorazowo wzbogaca zarysowując szerokie tło kulturalno-społeczne i polityczne. Badacz opisuje także zagadnienia związane z dawną literaturą, omawia działalność pisarzy-jezuitów oraz literatów – wychowanków kolegiów jezuickich. Wielość i różnorodność podejmowanych zagadnień oraz erudycja autora czynią monografię Okonia wartościową pozycją naukową.
EN
The review presents Jan Okoń’s monograph devoted to the activity of the Jesuit school theatres in the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. Okoń proposes a view on the Jesuit theatre through the prism of its service to the society and the country. Richness of the material under analysis proves that the school theatre was much concerned about civil education and propagated the ideas of love of country and responsibility for common good. Okoń each time enriches his analyses with sketches presenting a rich cultural-social and political background of the times. The researcher also raises the issues connected with old literature, discusses the activities of Jesuit writers and men of letters—Jesuit college alumni. Multiplicity and diversity of the problems taken up and the author’s erudition make Okoń’s monograph worthy of attention in the field of science.
EN
The text is a review of the Dariusz Śnieżko’s book Kompleksja literatury. Studia staropolskie (The Complexion of Literature. Old-Polish Studies) (TAiWPN UNIVERSITAS, Krakow 2019). The only serious doubt regards the sound of the title (readers might not know the word “complexion”). Kompleksja literatury is a fascinating book. For whom? – certainly students of Old-Polish literature (and it will be also inspiring for scholars of the next historical and literary epochs). What? – revealing the most important dimensions of Old-Polish literature. Why? – because in works published so far the scant use of source texts proves to be representative of the most general material remaining of Old-Polish literature in its intertwining of anthropology and dialectics of orality and literacy.
EN
The article addresses the issue of one of the more intense and captivating European scientific disputes, likewise common to Poland, in the era of the seventeenth-century transformation of knowledge formation, which centered around the possibility of the existence of vacuum, and which culminated in 1647. The fundamental aim of the article comes down to an attempt to determine a position in the scientific-cognitive debate, from which the pro and anti-Polish and European representatives of The Republic of Letters (Respublica literaria)  could voice their opinions. In the course of the analysis of the mid-seventeenth century scientific discourse, the reflections of Valeriano Magni, Torricelli, Jan Brożek, Wojciech Wijuk Kojałowicz, Blaise Pascal, Giovanni Elefantuzzi, Jacob Pierius, and Pierre Guiffart are subjected to close scrutiny. From the perspective of contextualism in the history of science, experiments demonstrating the existence of vacuum are perceived as anomalies that fall into the crisis of normal science, largely based on Aristotle’s physics. The conflict between the old and the new is not, however, presented as a battle of progression with epigonism, but merely as a contest between opposing individual views and the concept of science, which before the formation of the new paradigm was accompanied by ambiguous verification criteria.
EN
The article discusses selected Jesuit plays from the mid-18th century, in which there are female figures, contrary to the rules adopted at the end of the 16th century (Ratio studiorum). The analysis of the works was preceded by theoretical considerations on the attitude of the Jesuits to women’s roles. Polemical theoretical statements and the introduction of playwrights to the tragedies in which they justified the lack of female figures were reminded. The analysis showed that the heroines of collegiate art could be allegories, personifications or mythological figures. Their actions were most often a symbolic commentary on the main action of the dramas. The efforts of authors translating foreign-language dramas into Polish, aimed at adapting the original to the requirements of collegiate scenes, were also analysed. A significant part of the article consists of an analysis of several texts in which female roles appeared. Intentional dramaturgy has been presented, consisting of elevating female figures and constructing them on the basis of models known from male roles.
PL
Artykuł omawia wybrane sztuki jezuickie z połowy XVIII w., w których występują postaci kobiece, wbrew przyjętym pod koniec XVI w. regułom (Ratio studiorum). Analiza utworów poprzedzona została rozważaniami teoretycznymi na temat stosunku jezuitów do ról kobiecych. Przypomniano wypowiedzi teoretyczne o charakterze polemicznym, wstępy dramaturgów do tragedii, w których uzasadniali oni brak postaci kobiecych. Analiza pokazała, że bohaterkami sztuk kolegiackich mogły być alegorie, personifikacje czy postaci mitologiczne. Ich działania stanowiły najczęściej symboliczny komentarz do akcji głównej dramatów. Prześledzono też zabiegi autorów tłumaczących obcojęzyczne dramaty na język polski, mające na celu dostosowanie pierwowzorów do wymogów scen kolegiackich. Znaczną część artykułu wypełnia analiza kilku tekstów, w których pojawiły się role żeńskie. Ukazano celowe zabiegi dramaturgów polegających na uwznioślaniu postaci kobiecych oraz konstruowaniu ich w oparciu o schematy znane z ról męskich.
RU
Birds function in Polish literature of Renaissance and Baroque in three paradigms. Mostly they appear as creatures gifted with a symbolic (allegoric) meaning, seen through the prism of the tradition reaching to Aristotle’s Zoology, Physiologist, and later symbological compendia. The second category is describing birds as food or pests (especially in hunting and agricultural literature). Apart from this ‘practical’ paradigm, there is also a third one: birds as a source of an aesthetic thrill, fascination with them includes both lyricism and a ludic element. The first two categories fit into a more general utilitarian paradigm. Handbooks, treaties, sermons, fairy tales, paroemias and animal epigrams showcase birds almost exclusivelyas tools of moral, religious and conventional reflection, or as objects to be obtained and consumed. Interestingly, the symbological activity of the creators does not cease in the Renaissance and Baroque periods, the representatives of avifauna are burdened with new meanings, while the fantastic creatures slowly disappear from the creators’ fields of view. In the third group of works distinguished here, one can notice the phenomenon of the emancipation of birds as objects of interest just as they are, although their voice is heard mostly in the digressions scattered throughout the big epic works. The autonomy of birds in the literature of Renaissance and Baroque is not linear, the way of perceiving them is determined by the individual sensitivity of the authors, the most prominent of whom are Hieronim Morsztyn (early 17th century) and an anonymous translator of the Italian Adon (2nd half of the 17th century).
PL
Tekst odwołuje się do wiedzy o tradycjach religijnych historycznej Polski. W sposób szczególny skupia się na historycznych aspektach kultu maryjnego, a dokładnie takich jego elementach jak: kult obrazów i cudownych maryjnych miejsc, narodowy patronat Najświętszej Maryi Panny oraz praktyka tzw. maryjnego niewolnictwa. Od strony literackiej, prezentowany temat odnosi się do podstawowej charakterystyki piśmiennictwa baroku. Posługiwanie się bowiem obrazowym lub symbolicznym sposobem opisu osoby albo przedmiotu było w tym czasie, tj. w XVII i XVIII w., zasadniczym wymogiem artystyczności dzieł literackich. Wśród źródeł przywołano: teksty kaznodziejskie, traktaty ascetyczne oraz fragmenty poetyckie. Artykuł składa się z kilku części. W części pierwszej zebrane zostały tytuły wyrażające chwałę Najświętszej Maryi Panny. Część druga zawiera obrazy ilustrujące relację Maryi do Boga i Chrystusa. Część trzecia obrazuje maryjną opiekę nad człowiekiem. Ostatnia, czwarta, zbiera tytuły wyrażające opiekę Maryi nad historyczną społecznością Polaków.
EN
The text relates to the knowledge of religious traditions in the history of Poland. It focuses especially on historical aspects of Marian cult, in particular on such aspects as paintings cult, miraculous Marian places, State patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary, as well as on the practice of the so called Marian slavery. From the literary point of view, the topic refers to the basic characteristic of the Baroque writing. Use of illustrative and symbolic manner to describe a person or an object was then, that is in 17th and 18th century, fundamental requirement for artistic literary writings. Sources refer to preacher texts, ascetic treatises and fragments of the poems. The article consists of few parts. The first part covers titles referring to the glory of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The second part consists of paintings illustrating Mary’s attitude to God and Christ. The third part re;ects the Marian care for a human being. The last, fourth part consists of titles referring to Mary’s care for the Polish historical community.
PL
Celem artykułu jest filologiczna analiza miłosnych klątw zawartych w polskich tekstach literackich z XVII w. inspirowana teorią aktów mowy (w tym performatywów i konstatacji) Johna L. Austina oraz pracami z zakresu klątwy ludowej Anny Engelking. Przedmiotem badań są wypowiedzi: Banialuki (romans baśniowy Historyja ucieszna o królewnie Banialuce Hieronima Morsztyna – 1650), Cyceryny (zbiór pieśni Roksolanki Szymona Zimorowica – 1654) oraz Pani (sielanka Odczary na Simonidesowe „Czary” Jana Gawińskiego – połowa XVII w.). Klątwy literackie są rozpatrywane zarówno w kontekście etnolingwistycznej struktury (obiekt – sprawca – wykonawca), sprawczej funkcji wypowiedzi, jak i imperatywów, składni, symboliki, etymologii.
EN
The aim of the article is to undertake philological analysis of love curses described in Polish literary texts from the 17th century. The analysis was inspired by the theory of speech acts (including performatives and constatives) by John L. Austin and works on the folk curse by Anna Engelking. The research centred on the following statements by: Banialuka (Historyja ucieszna o królewnie Banialuce [A Diverting Story about the Virtuous Princess Banialuka], fairy-tale romance by Hieronim Morsztyn – 1650), Cyceryna (Roksolanki [Ruthenian Girls], collection of songs by Szymon Zimorowic – 1654) and Pani (Odczary na Simonidesowe “Czary” idyll by Jan Gawinski – mid. 17th century). Literary curses are considered both in the context of the ethnolinguistic structure (object – perpetrator – performer) and the causative function of an utterance, as well as imperatives, syntax, symbolism and etymology.
EN
The paper reconstructs the history of the text entitled Facies perturbatae et afflictae Reipublicae, written in 1564 by Jan Dymitr Solikowski, a secretary to Sigismundus Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Research focuses on its origin, publication history, the causes of its attribution to Stanisław Orzechowski and the connections between this text and Orzechowski’s works. The historical and philological analyses presented in the article made it possible to speculate on how the studied text functioned within the broadly understood Polish nobles’ ideology and how its various interpretations were associated with political phenomena from the text’s creation until the 1630s.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja historii tekstu Facies perturbatae et afflictae Reipublicae, napisanego w 1564 r. przez sekretarza królewskiego Jana Dymitra Solikowskiego. Dyskutowane są okoliczności jego powstania, historia druku, a także przyczyny jego atrybucji Stanisławowi Orzechowskiemu oraz jego związki z pismami tegoż. Analizy historyczno-filologiczne pozwalają określić ramy funkcjonowania owego tekstu w obrębie szeroko rozumianej ideologii szlacheckiej od czasu jego powstania do początku czwartej dekady XVII w.
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