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Przyczynek do estetyki opery

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PL
Artykuł proponuje spojrzeć na operę jako dzieło złożone, wielowarstwowe. Można wyróżnić następujące warstwy: (a) muzyczno-orkiestrową (dalej: orkiestrową); (b) muzyczno-wokalną; (c) baletową (niekiedy); (d) przedstawieniową (daną przez libretto); (e) aktorską; (f) inscenizacyjną (reżyseria + scenografia). Cechą wyróżniającą operę jest (b), tj. warstwa muzyczno-wokalna. Pozwala to zrozumieć i odeprzeć rozmaite zarzuty stawiane dziełu operowemu, np. to, że akompaniament orkiestrowy jest banalny, libretto niezbyt skomplikowane a kunszt aktorski wokalistów niezbyt wysoki lub po prostu zły. Obiekcje te zapoznają fakt, że treść libretta jest przedstawiana przy pomocy śpiewu, który na dodatek ma być piękny sam dla siebie. Nie bierze się też pod uwagę, że śpiew stwarza rozmaite problemy aktorskie, których nie ma w teatrze normalnym, a w szczególności, prowadzi do rozmaitych konwencji w poruszaniu się śpiewaków. Autor wskazuje, że najbardziej rozpowszechniony typ pisarstwa o operze jest zbyt nastawiony na społeczny kontekst tego gatunku sztuki.
EN
An article proposes to look on an opera as complicated and many-layered work. One can favour following layers: (a) musical-orchestral one (farther: orchestral); (b) musical-vocal one; (c) ballet (sometimes); (d) representational (given through libretto); (e) actor's; (f) producer's (direction and scenography). Distinctive feature of the opera is (b), i.e. musical-vocal layer. Such distinction permits to understand various reproaches placed to the work of opera and to repulse them, e.g. that orchestral accompaniment is banal, libretto not very complicated and actor's skill of vocalists not very high or simply bad. These objections ignore a fact, that content of libretto is represented by singing which in addition has to be beautiful as such. One forget also, that singing makes various actor's problems, which normal theatre do not have any, and especially, that singing forces singers to accept various conventions in moving on a stage. The paper points, that most widespread opinion about opera is disposed on the social context of this sort of art, as well.
PL
Elżbieta Nowicka’s book Zapisane w operze. Studia z historii i estetyki opery (Wydawnictwo Poznańskie 2012) [Written in opera. The studies from history and aesthetics of opera] is an attempt to read the ideas, myths and idioms of culture enshrined in works of opera from the 17th to the 20th century. This process of registering takes place on several levels of operatic works: in the librettos, the music and in their staging. It is thanks to these that operas often prove to be the most interesting expression of the presence of myths and ideas in culture, and Elżbieta Nowicka’s book encourages the reader to return to such works.
EN
This paper examines the question of the relations between music and the written word. Interdisciplinary interpretations of selected fonety – a literary genre proposed by Barańczak in Pegaz Zdębiał – discuss translation twists, a form of translation based on listening to the music of Mozart and the libretto of Da Ponte. Barańczak’s quasi-translations, often semantically contrary to the original, maintain the discipline required of texts written to match music. The double effect gained in fonety [translation-parodies], musical-literary provenance and at the same time ubiquitous humour, allow the reader to understand how Barańczak interpreted musical masterpieces.
PL
Artykuł zatytułowany Kiedy ucho robi oko czyli o fonetach Stanisława Barańczaka podejmuje problematykę związków muzyki ze słowem. Interdyscyplinarne interpretacje wybranych fonetów – gatunku zaproponowanego przez Barańczaka w książce Pegaz zdębiał – przedstawiają tłumaczenia-przeinaczenia – praktykę translatorską polegającą na słuchaniu muzyki Mozarta i libretta Da Pontego. Quasi-tłumaczenia Barańczaka często pozostając w semantycznej sprzeczności z oryginałem, zachowują dyscyplinę wymaganą od tekstów pisanych do muzyki. Uzyskany w fonetach efekt podwójnej, muzyczno-literackiej przynależności, a zarazem wszechobecny humor pozwalają zrozumieć, w jaki sposób Barańczak słuchał arcydzieł.
EN
The article is based on the interaction of two genres, namely travel notes, including the author's impressions of a trip to the German cities of Halle, Bad-Lauchstedt and Bernburg, as well as reviews of modern productions of Baroque operas. Halle is famous as the birthplace of the outstanding composer Georg Friedrich Handel (1685-1759). The international Handel music festival is held here every year, which also includes an international scientific Symposium dedicated to the study of the great Saxon and his contemporaries. The concept of this year's Symposium, "Sensitive, heroic, sublime: Handel's women," was to study the female images embodied in his operas. The authors traveled to Halle as journalists to describe their impressions of both the trip and the contemporary productions of Handel's stage works. But in considering the history and cultural events of this city, we were able to go beyond ordinary observations into the sphere of scientific generalizations and come to the conclusion that the directors’ understanding of these operas through the integration of musical drama with related arts was unusually expanded. To study this phenomenon, we turned to the scientific tools developed in Russia by two Soviet researchers who have become seminal in their field. One of them was the psychologist Lev Vygotsky, who, exploring the spiritual world of the hero in fiction, revealed his psychological contradictions, expressed in the conflict of the narrative and the plot. The other, Sergei Eisenstein, who knew Vygotsky’s manuscript of his study "Psychology of Art" and, with some influence from these ideas, created his own "psychology of art", which is set out in the pages of his works of different years. The core of this concept was "the transition from the Expressive Movement to the image of a work of art... as a process of the interaction of layers of consciousness", which allowed for multiple entries into the artistic image. Such entries are also supported by some features of the cinematograph where the first among equals is the principle of intellectual editing, based on Eisenstein's montage theory. In Eisenstein's theory, other types of editing—linear, parallel, associative—have been generalized and developed into a large-scale system of the psychology of heroes in art. In this article, the identification of the essence of these processes made it possible for the authors to discern the phenomenon of increasing the meaning in the Halle directors' interpretations of Handel's operas, which arises from the merger of two seemingly irreconcilable and conflicting layers of consciousness: Baroque and eclectic modern, which developed at the turn of the last century.
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