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1

Brunona z Kwerfutu wyprawa do Pieczyngów- aspekty misyjne i polityczne

100%

Paroń A.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2013

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issue 54

97-116

PL

The Journey of Bruno of Querfurt to the Pechenegs – its Politics and Mission. The present study examines the reasons behind the journey by Bruno of Querfurt to the Pechenegs. According to the author, there is no indication that the missionary was involved in any political plans Boleslaw the Brave may have had for the steppe dwellers. The idea of the journey to the Pechenegs came from Bruno himself and was the most radical form of the missio ad gentes, for its object was meant to be “the cruellest people among pagans”. Bruno treated the mission to the land of the Pechenegs as an ardent confession of faith and spiritual trial.

2

“Daremnie próbuje się wybielić Etiopa” – postrzeganie i polityka Bizancjum wobec koczowników stepów czarnomorskich (X-XII w.)

51%

Paroń A.

Vox Patrum

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2020

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vol. 75

375-414

EN

The problem of relations with the nomadic peoples of the Black Sea steppes is one of the most important issues in Byzantine history. The medieval Greek-speaking Romans inherited this undisputed trouble from their ancient ancestors and had to deal with it until the end of the Empire. It is usually assumed that the long experience of contacts with steppe-dwellers meant that the Byzantine political elite gained a deep and multi-faceted knowledge of them. This study is an attempt at rethinking the communis opinio according to which precise and updated data had to be used by the Constantinopolitan diplomacy in relations with the nomadic partners. What I aim to prove, based on the material of written sources from between the 10th and 12th centuries, is that such opinions appear to have been scholarly superstitions.

PL

Problem relacji z ludami koczowniczymi stepów czarnomorskich należy do najważniejszych zagadnień historii Bizancjum. Średniowieczni greckojęzyczni Rzymianie odziedziczyli ten niewątpliwy kłopot po swych antycznych przodkach i musieli borykać się z nim po kres istnienia imperium. Przyjmuje się zwykle, że długie doświadczenie kontaktów ze stepowcami sprawiło, że bizantyńska elita polityczna pozyskała głęboką i wieloaspektową wiedzą na ich temat. Celem niniejszego stadium jest ponowne przemyślenie communis opinio, według której precyzyjne i zaktualizowane dane miały być wykorzystywane przez dyplomację konstantynopolitańską w relacjach z koczowniczymi partnerami. W oparciu o materiał źródeł pisanych z X-XII wieku zamierzam dowieść, że tego rodzaju poglądy wydają się naukowymi przesądami.

3

Chaganat chazarski a Skandynawowie w Europie Wschodniej – kontakty i ich charakter w IX–X wieku

32%

Polek K.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2022

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vol. 14

5-57

PL

From its emergence in the 7th century until its fall in 965, the Khazar Khaganate played a decisive role among the tribes and peoples settled in Eastern Europe. The Pax Khazarica contributed to the stabilization of ethnic and political relations in the region, which in turn gave the khaganate a high status in contacts with the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate. The Khazars benefited from the favorable geographic location and the benefits they gained from participating in long-distance trade. With the arrival of Scandinavian newcomers and the development of their settlement in the northern and north-eastern part of the Ruthenian lands (the area around Lake Ladoga and the upper Volga basin), contacts with them played an increasingly important role in the history of the Chaganate in the 9th-10th centuries. Oleg’s taking of power in Kiev and the territorial development of the Ruthenian state was a crucial moment. Although the Khazars maintained a strong position among the peoples and tribes of Eastern Europe during the first half of the 10th century, it was not without difficulties. The reason was the growing activity of the Scandinavians not only among the Slavs who settled in the basin of the Dnieper, Oka and the upper Volga, but also in the lands that were the immediate hinterland of the khaganate (Black Sea region, the mouth of the Volga and the Caspian region). In addition to merchant expeditions, the Varangians organized – with great panache and range - raids of a looting nature (e.g. Prince Igor’s campaigns). It cannot be ruled out that they inuenced the nature of the relationship between the Khazars and their dependent tribes in Eastern Europe. The collapse of the Khaganate, which took place as a result of the war campaigns undertaken by Prince Sviatoslav (965, 969), may indicate a more significant (than previously assumed) internal weakening of the Khazar state. Undoubtedly, it was related to the change in the current system of political and ethnic relations in Eastern Europe, and the actions of the Kiev princes played a decisive role. Another reason was the change in the course of the existing long-distance trade routes, and thus the reduction of the influence that the Khazars obtained from their control. Despite the progress in research on the history of the khaganate, little is known about its relations with the Scandinavians settled in Eastern Europe, as well as with Slavic tribes, including those remaining outside the Khazar sphere of influence, and the consequences of the fall of Khazar domination for the region’s economy. The research conducted so far shows that the influence of the Khazars, although not confirmed in all spheres, was more intense, as evidenced by the reception of the kagan title in relation to the Ruthenian rulers in the 10th-11th centuries.

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1 Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

1 Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

1 Vox Patrum

2 Paroń A.

1 Polek K.

1 2022

1 2020

1 2013

Brunona z Kwerfutu wyprawa do Pieczyngów- aspekty misyjne i polityczne

“Daremnie próbuje się wybielić Etiopa” – postrzeganie i polityka Bizancjum wobec koczowników stepów czarnomorskich (X-XII w.)

Chaganat chazarski a Skandynawowie w Europie Wschodniej – kontakty i ich charakter w IX–X wieku