Search results

1

Notatka na temat wątpliwości prawnych związanych z postanowieniem Sądu Najwyższego z 2 sierpnia 2018 r. (sygn. akt III UZP 4/18) w kontekście prawa polskiego

100%

Dubowski R.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2018

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issue 5(148)

183–187

EN

The note points to the fact that the interpretation of Article 734 and Article 755 of the Code of Civil Procedure adopted by the Supreme Court in its decision of 2 August 2018 (ref. no. III UZP 4/18) finds no confirmation in the jurisprudence of the Polish courts.

2

Nowoczesne standardy wymiaru sprawiedliwości

100%

Kluz P., Lech M.

Journal of Modern Science

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2015

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issue 2(25)

289-296

EN

In the European legal culture evolved into a model of justice. Th is model refl ects a legal tradition derived from Roman law and Canon law. It was based on the so-called principles, which include: openness of procedures, impartiality, discretion, professionalism and openness of procedures and the same proceedings. Th ereby, it aspire to objectifi cation procedural steps, while judges detach from judgments or decisions. Th ese standards have been saved in a number of acts of international law and in the constitutions of the various states, including the Constitution of Polish Republic. Modern judicial system provides advanced and equal access for all people not only to courts and tribunals but also to a just and public assessment of the case by a proper, independent and impartial court. In other words, it is one of the most fundamental human rights.

PL

W europejskiej kulturze prawnej wykształcił się pewien model wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Jest on odzwierciedleniem tradycji prawnej, wyrosłej na gruncie prawa rzymskiego i prawa kanonicznego. Został oparty na tak zwanych zasadach, do których zalicza się: jawność postepowania, bezstronność, dyskrecja, profesjonalizm oraz jawność procedur i samych postępowań. Przestrzeganie tych zasad ma na celu dążność do obiektywizacji czynności procesowych i oderwanie sędziów od subiektywnych ocen czy decyzji. Standardy te zostały zapisane w wielu aktach prawa międzynarodowego, a także w konstytucjach poszczególnych państw, w tym w Konstytucji RP. Nowoczesny wymiar sprawiedliwości zapewnia na wyższym poziomie równy dostęp wszystkich ludzi do sądów i trybunałów oraz do sprawiedliwego i publicznego rozpatrzenia sprawy przez właściwy, niezależny i bezstronny sąd. Jest to jednocześnie jedno z najbardziej fundamentalnych praw człowieka.

3

On the Subject of Testamentary Burden against the Background of German Law

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Trzewik J.

Review of European and Comparative Law

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2021

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vol. 47

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issue 4

83-105

EN

The making of a last will and testament by a testator is an act in law. The testator is entitled to make specific dispositions to execute their last will, such as identifying an heir, making ordinary or vindication legacies, or appointing an executor of the will. At the same time, the number of potential aims intended to be achieved by the testator corresponds to the number of possible life situations that cannot be resolved through the testator’s dispositions regarding their estate. It is therefore necessary to equip the testator with such legal means that will allow them to achieve both material and non-material objectives. This is the role of the institution of testamentary burden. It has been regulated in the Polish legal system only superficially; therefore, the author refers to the legacy of German legislation to offer a better understanding of the solution.

4

Unormowanie nieuczciwej konkurencji w prawie polskim

100%

Figura-Góralczyk E.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2017

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vol. 26

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issue 2

399-462

EN

The article concerns the issue of unfair competition in the Polish law. It covers the evolution of the regulation of unfair competition in Poland from 1st World War to present day. The analysis concerns the Polish national prescriptions as well as the EU law. In the part concerning the Polish national prescriptions the article covers not only the analysis of the act of combating the unfair competition and the act of unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices but also the Polish Constitution, intellectual property law, the act of protection of databases as well as the act of protection of competition and consumers. In the part concerning the EU law the analysis concerns the primary and the secondary EU law. The aim of this article is to show the actual state of the Polish law of unfair competition.

5

Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie w ustawodawstwie państwa polskiego

89%

Dyduch J.

Annales Canonici

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2012

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vol. 8

EN

On April 19th, 2009 Pope Benedict XVI erected the Pontifical University. The next vital step was to introduce the university, that is, both the fact of its existence and its activity, into Polish law.The required procedure was held in both chambers of the Polish Parliament in cooperation with the Polish Government. The special financial law was enacted by the Sejm (380 members of the chamber were in favor, 412 were voting), and by the Senat (86 members of the chamber were in favor, 87 were voting).The law in question recognized the decision of the Pope and introduced the name of the academic institution, which is the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, into Polish law system and granted the university funds from the public finance according to the same rules, which apply to the public universities in Poland.

6

Odpowiedzialność prawna i kanoniczna katechety: dobra osobiste

89%

Kroczek P.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2018

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vol. 16

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issue 2

131-150

PL

Work of a catholic religious instruction teacher in public schools is regulated by Polish law and canon law. The paper presents a discussion about the legal and canonical liability of personal interests and presents an application of the norms in practice by discussing and analysing two cases regarding personal interests. The main conclusion of the paper is that the matter of personal interests in the religious instruction context is a complicated problem. The knowledge of the regulations is of essence not only not only for the reason that the teacher in question could properly fulfil his/her professional duty, but also to avoid situations that can be connected with civil and canonical liability.

7

The scope of standardization of the protection of national colors in the Polish law, the Italian law and the Community legislation

88%

Zych R.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

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2018

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issue 1 (41)

127-152

EN

In the face of the European integration, the legal protection of national symbols enjoys momentous significance. The present turbulent times and numerous conflicts, the etiology of which is – e.g. social or political in nature – require an attempt to make a scientific overview of the situation. In this article I will examine the scope of standardization of the protection of national colors in the Polish law, the Italian law and the Community legislation. The study takes into account the historical and contemporary judicial decisions. I will try to answer the question whether the scope of protection of the Community colors in the Polish law is sufficient? The analysis of the examined normative acts has led me to the conclusion that the Polish legislator, after the restoration of independent statehood, attached a great importance to the normative grounds ensuring protection of colors of the national symbols. The Italian constitutional adjustment, compared to the Polish one in the scope of the national colors, is very sparse. Aside from the Community rules, each member state – as a result of historical development – has developed its own model of protection. The colors of the European Union are not expressly protected under the Polish normative regulations. However, de lege ferenda, I reckon that for the interests of legal certainty, the legal status in this field should be amended and relevant norms should be laid down.

PL

W obliczu integracji europejskiej, doniosłego znaczenia nabiera prawna ochrona symboli narodowych. Współczesne czasy nie są spokojne. Liczne konflikty, których etiologia ma charakter społeczny, polityczny, nakazują próbę dokonania scjentystycznego oglądu sytuacji. W niniejszym artykule zbadam zakres normowania ochrony barw narodowych w prawie polskim i włoskim oraz wspólnotowym. W badaniach uwzględnię historyczne i współczesne orzecznictwo sądowe. Spróbuję udzielić odpowiedzi na pytanie o to, czy na gruncie prawa polskiego zakres ochrony barw wspólnotowych jest wystarczający? Analiza zbadanych aktów normatywnych doprowadziła mnie do wniosku o tym, że polski prawodawca po odzyskaniu niepodległego bytu państwowego przywiązywał dużą wagę do normatywnych podstaw mających zapewnić ochronę barwom jako symbolom narodowym. Włoska regulacja konstytucyjna, w porównaniu do polskiej, w zakresie barw narodowych jest bardzo skąpa. Pomimo regulacji wspólnotowej, każde z państw członkowskich – na skutek rozwoju historycznego – wykształciło własny model tej ochrony. Barwy Unii Europejskiej nie są expressis verbis chronione na gruncie polskich regulacji normatywnych. Moim zdaniem, de lege ferenda, dla pewności obrotu prawnego, należałoby stan prawny w tym zakresie zmienić i stosowne normy subrogować.

8

W poszukiwaniu pola współpracy badawczej adwersarzy. Prawne aspekty alkoholowych uszkodzeń płodu

88%

Mazurkiewicz J.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2022

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issue 1(168)

103-117

EN

Disputes and even conflicts regarding the legal situation of the fetus (unborn child) justify the need for debate also among lawyers. Apart from the areas of extreme controversy, there are also such areas where research cooperation seems possible. The fate of children affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorders is one that should be of concern to all. The paper outlines the medical, economic and social context of FASDs. Against this background, the legal aspects of these damages are presented through the prism of Polish criminal, civil and administrative law, including draft legal solutions. The author justifies the thesis on the need to use non-penal legal instruments to counteract the causes of FASDs, in order to complement educational, informational and support activities undertaken for the same purpose.

9

Relations of the European Union law with Polish legal order

88%

Przybojewski J.

Law and Administration in Post-Soviet Europe

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2015

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vol. 2

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issue 1

26-33

10

Polish contemporary legal system and its movie depict

88%

Garczewska A.

Law and Administration in Post-Soviet Europe

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2015

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vol. 2

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issue 1

4-16

11

Normatywna koncepcja usług ukształtowana w dorobku Unii Europejskiej

88%

Etel M.

Forum Prawnicze

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2020

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issue 1 (57)

22–35

EN

The study concerns the EU legal concept of services and freedom to provide ser- vices, as the key and the most liberal one among all the freedoms of the internal market. The basic characteristics of services developed by the EU Court of Justice and the EU and European Union Member States legal efforts are aimed at the implementation and effectiveness of the freedom to provide services. The study tends to answer the questions – how are the services in EU law understood and for what reason (or where) the adopted legal concept is difficult to put into practice? In addition, it contains comments and evaluations evaluation of efforts and de lege lata and de lege ferenda postulates. The study is based on analysis of EU law and Polish law, judgements of the EU Court of Justice and the doctrine of law on services and the freedom to provide services.

12

Instytucja obywatelstwa w polskim i belgijskim porządku prawnym

88%

Bochenek I.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2020

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issue 2(157)

29–58

EN

The article examines the problem of the status of ‘nationality’ in light of consular experience gained at the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Brussels. It is indisputable that the aforementioned issue is still evolving, in particular in the field of criteria required for acquiring a nationality. Among others, the article answers the question as to how this matter has been regulated in the Polish and Belgian legal orders from the time of creation of both these modern states until today. Furthermore, the article presents specific issues that consular officers encounter in their day-to-day work, the importance of nationality, its practical role in everyday life and the need to perform related administrative tasks, enabling the enjoyment of one’s civil rights in a given country.

13

Europeanisation of Polish Law Following Poland’s Accession to the European Union

88%

Grzeszczak R.

Studia Iuridica

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2017

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vol. 71

61-71

EN

The article concerns primarily the effects of the membership of the European Union on national (Polish) law and, to a limited extent, on the political system of a state. The conclusions presented in the article are of universal value. Although the article deals with Polish affairs, the principles, tendencies and consequences identified are typical of the relationship state – the EU, both before and after accession, regardless of the state concerned. It should be, however, noted that the path to membership and the membership itself are different in each case. The practice of the Polish membership of the European Union, its systemic dimension and the changes in the national legal system (Europeanisation) do not differ significantly than in the case of other Member States. Europeanisation of Polish law, politics, economy, culture and society has been in progress since the 1990s. One can differentiate between two stages of Europeanisation: before and after Poland’s EU accession, each characterised by different conditions. Over time, this process, on the whole, has been undergoing numerous changes but it has never weakened in importance. Poland faces issues such as poor legitimation of integration processes, supremacy of the government over the parliament, passivity of parliamentary committees in controlling the government and EU institutions in the decision making process, as well as dilution of responsibility for decisions taken within the EU. The process of Europeanisation relies mostly on direct application of the standards of EU law in the national legal system, implementation of directives into national law and harmonisation or standardisation of national legal solutions so that they comply with the EU framework. It is also reception of a common, European (Union) axiology.

14

Rozbieżności pojęciowe w anglosaskim i polskim prawie karnym. Studia przypadków

88%

Gościński J.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2021

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issue 14

201–209

EN

The segmentation of extralinguistic reality in various languages in many cases does not overlap, which is one of the sources of translation difficulties. The problem is particularly evident in the area of law because different communities mold this sphere of life in divergent manners, creating institutions unknown to other legal systems or building up conceptual networks specific to those systems. This last issue has become the subject of analysis. The author examines selected English law based and Polish criminal law terms, revealing semantic shifts between them and the consequences of the shifts for the translation process. The investigated terms are as follows: homicide, murder, manslaughter, assault, battery, and burglary. The author studies their legal meanings juxtaposing them with the meanings of the Polish terms proposed in dictionaries and glossaries as equivalents for the English terms (for instance, morderstwo, zabójstwo, pobicie, naruszenie nietykalności cielesnej, kradzież z włamaniem, włamanie). The analysis confirms the soundness of a comparative approach to the translation of legal terminology advocated by Peter Sandrini: in order to decide whether a proposed equivalent can be used, its notional content must be compared with the notional content of the original term in a given context.

15

Ochrona rodziny przed szkodliwym oddziaływaniem środków masowego przekazu w prawie polskim

88%

Lis W.

Państwo i Społeczeństwo

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2011

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issue 3

163-181

EN

Family is a community of people, which is the basic form of an individual and social life. The condition of the whole society depends on the condition of family and on the way it fulfils its fundamental functions. That is why family, being in the centre of the social life, is treated by the state as a subject of special care. The most important within this scope are of course the regulations of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, the Family and Guardianship Code and the Penal Code. Being a part of society, family, the same as society, is not indifferent to diverse external stimuli that exert an influence on it. In our times, what has an enormous impact on family is the mass media, which has become an intrinsic element of our life. The picture of family can be depicted best on the example of the audio-visual media, which is the most attractive in reception yet exerts the strongest impact on its audience. But the ideas conveyed by the audio-visual media distort the picture of family, lead to the reversal of social roles and parental conduct, propagate partnership, exaggerate social pathologies and promote a hedonistic and consumerist stance. Moreover, one can notice a kind of „worship” of wrongly understand tolerance, interpreted as toleration towards marital infidelity, abortion and the lack of responsibility for the upbringing of the young generation. The mass media propagates its vision of marital and family life as well as behaviour in family, which are based on the current cultural and social trends adjusted to the expectations of a spectator – the consumer of audio-visual programmes.

16

Legal status of direct sales of agricultural and food products in the legislation of selected EU Member States

76%

Kapała A.

Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

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2020

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issue 1(26)

65-77

PL

The purpose of the discussion presented in the article was to determine the legal status of direct sale of agricultural and food products and its place in the agricultural activity in the legislation of selected EU Member States: Poland, Italy, and France. The considerations show that each legislator has chosen a different way of determining the legal status of this activity, though with a view to a similar ratio legis, which is to support it by enabling and facilitating farmers involvement. In Polish law, “agricultural retail sale” is outside the narrow definition of agricultural activity. It is not, however, subject to the provisions of business law provided it meets the conditions specified in law. Italian law defines the status of direct sales explicitly as agricultural, situating them among connected agricultural activities carried out by the agricultural entrepreneur. The detailed criteria for its connection with the agricultural activity by nature constitute a separate special regulation. In French law, thanks to the broad definition of agricultural activity, the place of direct sale as an agricultural activity par relation which is an extension of the act of production, is defined by case-law.

IT

L’articolo si propone di stabilire lo status giuridico della vendita diretta dei prodotti agricoli e alimentari nella legislazione di alcuni Stati membri scelti, cioè in Polonia, Italia e Francia; compresa la collocazione della stessa nel settore dell'attività agricola. Le considerazioni svolte mettono in rilievo il fatto che ciascun legislatore ha scelto un modo diverso di definire lo status giuridico dell’attività in oggetto, anche se mosso da una ratio legis simile, cioè dal voler sostenerla dando agli agricoltori la possibilità di svolgerla e facilitandone lo svolgimento. Nel diritto polacco, la vendita diretta, definita come un “commercio agricolo al dettaglio”, non rientra nella definizione ristretta di attività agricola. Essa non è soggetta nemmeno al diritto economico, sempre se soddisfa le condizioni stabilite dalla legge. Il diritto italiano, invece, definisce lo status di vendita diretta come agricola in maniera esplicita, collocandola tra le attività agricole connesse, svolte da un imprenditore agricolo, e stabilendo in una regolazione specifica separata i criteri per la connessione con l'attività agricola per sua natura. Nel diritto francese, grazie ad una definizione ampia di attività agricola, il luogo della vendita diretta, in quanto attività agricola par relation, intesa come continuazione dell'atto di produzione, è specificato dalla giurisprudenza.

17

Kara konfiskaty mienia w prawie polskim i obowiązującym na ziemiach polskich oraz w praktyce jego stosowania

76%

Rzeplińska I.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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1994

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issue XX

79-96

EN

Forfeiture of property is one of the oldest penalties in Polish law. Its origins can be traced in pre-state law, in the penalty of exclusion from tribe. Anybody could kill a person thus punished and destroy his property, and would suffer no penalty for such acts. Later on, in early Middle Ages, the penalty of plunder was introduced: the offender’s possessions were looted, and his house burned. Destruction of the offender’s property as a penal sanction resulted from the conception of crime and punishment of that time. Crime was an offence against God, and punishment was seen as God’s revenge for crime – that offender’s house was destroyed as the place that had become unchaste, inhabited by an enemy of God. The penalties imposed in Poland in the 12th and 13th centuries were personal, material, and mixed penalties. There were two material penalties: forfeiture of the whole or part of property and pecuniary penalties. The utmost penalty was being outlawed which consisted of banishment of the convicted person from the country and forfeiture of his property by the ruler. Being outlawed was imposed for the most serious offences; with time, it became an exceptional penalty. In those days, forfeiture of property was a self-standing, as well as an additional penalty, imposed together with death, banishment, or imprisonment. As shown by the sources of law, forfeiture of property (as an additional penalty) could be imposed for “conspiracy against state” rape of a nun forgery of coins, cheating at games, and profiteering. Other offences punishable in this way included murder, raid with armed troops and theft of Church property, murder of a Jew committed by a Christian, and raid of a Jewish cemetery. Data on the extent of the imposition of that penalty in the early feudal period are scarce; as follows from available sources, it was applied but seldom. The consequences of forfeiture were serious in those days. Deprived of property, the convicted person and his family inevitably lost their social and political status which made forfeiture one of the most severe penalties. From the viewpoint of the punishing authority (duke), forfeiture was clearly advantageous due to its universal feasibility; to the duke’s officials, it was profitable as they were entitled to plunder the convicted persons’s movables. In the laws of the 16th and 17th centuries, forfeiture was provided for: serious political crimes (crimen leaesae maiestatis – laese-majesty; perduelio – desertion to the enemy), offences against currency and against the armed forces. As an additional penalty, it accompanied capital punishment and being outlawed. The law also provided for situations where forfeiture could be imposed as a self-standing penalty. In 1573, the Warsaw Confederacy Act which guaranteed equality to confessors of different religions banned the inposition of forfeiture for conversion to another faith. Initially absolute – the whole of property being forfeited and taken over by the Treasury where it was at the king’s free disposal – forfeiture of property was limited already in the 14th century. To begin with, in consideration of the rights of the family and third to forfeited property, the wife’s dowry was excluded from forfeiture. Later on, in the 16th century, the limitations concerned the king’s freedom of disposal of forfeited property. A nobleman’s property could no longer remain in the king’s hands but had to be granted to another nobleman. Forfeiture of property can also be found in the practice of Polish village courts; as follows from court registers, though, it was actually seldom imposed. European Enlightenment was the period of emergence of ideas which radically changed the conceptions of the essence and aims of punishment, types of penalties, and the policy of their imposition. In their writings, penologists of those days formulated the principle of the offender’s individual responsibility. This standpoint led to a declaration against forfeiture of property as a penalty which affected not only the offender but also his family and therefore expressed collective responsibility. The above ideas were known in Poland as well. They are reflected in the numerous drafts of penal law reform, prepared in 18th century Poland. The first such draft, so-called Collection of Jidicial Laws by Andrzej Zamojski, still provided for forfeiture. A later one (draft code of King Stanislaw August of the late 18th century) no longer contained this penalty. The athors argued that, affecting not only the offender, that penalty was at variance with the principles of justice. The drafts were never to become the law. In 1794, after the second partition of Poland, an insurrection broke out commanded by Tadeusz Kościuszko. The rebel authorities repealed the former legal system and created a new system of provisions regulating the structure of state authorities, administration of justice, and law applied in courts. In the sphere of substantive penal law and the law of criminal proceedings, an insurgent code was introduced, with severe sanctions included in the catalog of penalties. Forfeiture of property was restored which had a double purpose: first, acutely to punish traitors, and second – to replenish the insurgent funds. When imposing forfeiture, property rights of the convicted person’s spouse and his children’s right to inheritance were taken into account. Yet compared to the administration of justice of the French Revolution with its mass imposition of forfeiture, the Polish insurgent courts were humane and indeed lenient in their practice of sentencing. After the fall of the Kościuszko Insurrection, Poland became a subjugated country, divided between three partitioning powers: Prussia, Russia, and Austria. The Duchy of Warsaw, made of the territories regained from the invaders, survived but a short time. In the sphere of penal law and the present subject of forfeiture of property, that penalty was abolished by a separate parliamentary statute of 1809. After the fall of the Duchy of Warsaw, Poland lost sovereignty and the law of the partitioning powers entered into force on its territories. In the Prussian sector, a succession of laws were introduced: the Common Criminal Law of Prussian States of 1794, followed by the 1851 penal code and the penal code of the German Reich of 1871. Only the first of them still provided for forfeiture: it was abolished in the Prussian State by a law of March 11, 1850. Much earlier, forfeiture disappeared from the legislation of Austria. lt was already absent from the Cpllection of Laws on Penalties for West Galicia of June 17,1796, valid on the Polish territories under Austrian administration. Nor was forfeiture provided for by the two Austrian penal codes of 1803 and 1852. Forfeiture survived the longest in the penal legisation of Russia. In 1815, the Kingdom of Poland was formed of the Polish territories under Russian administration. In its Constitution, conferred by the Tsar of Russia, a provision was included that abolished forfeiture of property. It was also left in the subsequent Penal Code of the Kingdom of Poland, passed in 1818. Forfeiture only returned as a penal sanction applied to participants of the anti-Russian November insurrection of 1831. The Organic Statute of 1832, conferred to the Kingdom of Poland by the Tsar, reintroduced the penalty of forfeiture of property. Moreover, it was to be imposed for offences committed before Organic Statute had entered into force which was an infringement of the ban on retroactive force of law. Of those sentenced to forfeiture in the Kingdom of Poland, Lithuania, and Russia as participants of the November insurrection, few had estates and capital. A part of forfeited estates were donated, the rest were sold to persons of Russian origin. The proces of forfeiting the property of the 1830–1831 insurgents only ended in 1860 (the Tsar’s decree of February 2/March 2,1860). After November insurrection, the Russian authorities aimed at making the penal legislation of the Kingdom of Poland similar to that of the Russian Empire. The code of Main Corrective Penalties of 1847 aimed first of all at a legal unification. It preserved the penalty of “forfeiture of the whole or part of the convicted persons’ possessions and property” as an additional penalty imposed in cases clearly specified by law. It was imposed for offences against the state: attempts against the life, health, freedom or dignity of the Emperor and the supreme rights of the heir to the throne, the Emperor’s wife or other members of the Royal House, and rebellion against the supreme authority. Forfeiture was preserved in the amended code of 1866; in 1876, its application was extended to include offences against official enactments. The penalty could soon be applied – towards the participants of January insurrection of 1863 which broke out in the Russian Partition. The insurgents were tried by Russian military courts. After the January insurrection, 6,491 persons were convicted in the Kingdom of Poland; 6,186 of tchem were sentenced to forfeiture of property. Of that group, as few as 28 owned the whole or a part of real estate; 60 owned mortgage capital and real estate. The imposition of forfeiture on January insurgents stopped in 1867 in the Kingdom of Poland and as late as 1873 in Lithuania. The penalty was only removed from the Russian penal legislation with the introduction a new penal code in 1903. As can be seen, the Russian penal law – as opposed to the law of Prussia and Austria retained forfeiture of property the longest. It was designet to perform special political and deterrent functions as the penalty imposed on opponents of the system for crimes against state. It was severe enough to annihilate the offender’s material existence. It was also intended to deter others, any future dare-devils who might plan to resist authority. It was an fitted element of the repressive criminal policy of the Russian Empire of those days. Forfeiture of the whole of property of the convicted person can be found once again in the Polish legislation, of independent Poland this time: in the Act of July 2, 1920 on controlling war usury where forfeiture was an optional additional penalty. At the same time, the act prohibited cumulation of repression affecting property (fine and forfeiture could not be imposed simultaneously). It originated from the special war conditions in Poland at the time. The ban on cumulation of repression affecting property is interesting from the viewpoint of criminal policy. The Polish penal code of 1932 did not provide for the penalty of forfeiture, and the Act on controlling war usury was quashed by that code’s introductory provisions. In the legislation of People’s Poland after World War II, forfeiture of property was re-established and had extensive application.

18

Z Sankt Petersburga dla czytelnika zachodnioeuropejskiego – Aleksander This o prawie Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej

75%

Witkowski W.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius)

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2019

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vol. 66

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issue 1

EN

Aleksander This (1803–1864), an outstanding Polish lawyer, arrived in Petersburg after the outbreak of the November Uprising. There he got involved in scientific work and in 1838 he published his article entitled Notice sur la coordination des lois provincionales de L’Empire de Russie in a French juridical magazine “Reuve étrangère et française de legislation”. The text presents the problem of codification of provincial laws on the Polish territories taken over by Russia during the annexations by the end of the 18th century. It includes the description and the assessment of the legislation of the Polish law in the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. The author elaborates not only on the systems of laws that were in force and their classifications but also on the attempts to codify the law between the 14th and 18th centuries. He gives a detailed description of ordinary law, particular laws and auxiliary laws that functioned in former Poland. This critically evaluated lack of the codification of law, especially the failure of the codification in 1532, the so-called Rectification of Laws and The Collection of Juridical Laws by Andrzej Zamoyski from the years between 1776 and 1780. The advantage of the publication is the introduction of the Western European readers to the problems of the former Polish law.

PL

Aleksander This (1803–1864), wybitny polski prawnik czasów Królestwa Polskiego, po wybuchu powstania listopadowego znalazł się w Petersburgu. Tam zajmował się pracą naukową i w 1838 r. opublikował we francuskim czasopiśmie prawniczym „Revue etrangére et française de legislation” artykuł pt. Notice sur la coordination des lois provinciales de l’Empire de Russie. W tekście tym omówił problem kodyfikacji praw prowincjonalnych na zabranych przez Rosję ziemiach polskich podczas zaborów w końcu XVIII w. This zamieścił w nim opis i ocenę ustawodawstwa prawa polskiego w Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej. Omówił też systemy praw obowiązujących i ich klasyfikacje oraz próby kodyfikowania prawa od XIV do XVIII w. Ponadto szczegółowo przedstawił prawo powszechne, prawa szczególne oraz pomocnicze, jakie funkcjonowały w dawnej Polsce. Krytycznie ocenił brak skodyfikowania prawa, a zwłaszcza niedojście do skutku kodyfikacji z 1532 r. tzw. Korektury Praw i tzw. Zbioru Praw Sądowych Andrzeja Zamoyskiego z lat 1776–1780. Walorem jego publikacji było przedstawienie czytelnikom zachodnioeuropejskim problematyki dawnego prawa polskiego.

19

Food additives in food products for infants and young children – compliance with the prevailing rules and regulations

75%

Krzyśko-Łupicka T., Kręcidło Ł., Kręcidło M.

Puls Uczelni

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2016

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issue 4

15-20

EN

Background: Pursuant to Polish law, products for infants and young children constitute a special purpose food group, which is divided into three categories: infant formulae, follow-on formulae, and cereal-based foods and other baby foods. The ingredients lists for each product from every group are regulated by the regulation of the Minister of Public Health of November 22nd 2010. Aim of the study: An analysis of the contents of products for infants and young children commercially available in the Opole region. Material and methods: Food additives in 81 products were analysed, based on the contents provided by the producers. The food additives (categories of preparations) were used in accordance with the regulation on food additives and the regulation on special purpose food groups. However, some banned additives were treated as nutrients and sources of macroelements, in which case they were not listed as food additives. Results: The most commonly used source of calcium were the phosphate and carbonate salts. The hypoallergenic infant formula Nestle NAN 1 HAHA, Nestle NAN 2 HAHA and HUMAMANA 2 HAHA contained the fewest additives. Ready-made meals, which constitute complementary foods, did not contain additives. Drinks and desserts contained only L-ascorbic acid. Conclusions: Regardless of the manufacturer, the analysed products contained only substances which comply with the prevailing Polish and EU law. The least additives were found in modified hypoallergenic milks: Nestle NAN 1 HAHA and NESTESTESTLE NAN 2 HAHA and Humana 2 HAHA. Drinks and dessert jars contained only L-ascorbic acid (E300), and oat cookies for children contained potassium bicarbonate (E501).

PL

Wstęp: Produkty dla niemowląt i małych dzieci, zgodnie z polskim prawem, należą do żywności przeznaczenia specjalnego i są podzielone na trzy kategorie preparatów: do żywienia początkowego, dalszego i uzupełniające środki spożywcze. Skład produktów należących do każdej z kategorii jest regulowany Rozporządzeniem Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 22 listopada 2010 r. Cel pracy: Przeanalizowanie składów produktów żywnościowych dla niemowląt i małych dzieci, dostępnych w obrocie handlowym na Opolszczyźnie. Materiał i metody: Na postawie podanych przez producentów składów przeanalizowano substancje dodatkowe w 81 produktach. Dodatki (kategorie preparatów) do żywności zostały użyte zgodnie z rozporządzeniem dotyczącym substancji dodatkowych, jak i rozporządzeniem odnośnie do żywności przeznaczenia specjalnego. Jednak niektóre niedozwolone dodatki potraktowano jako substancje odżywcze lub źródło makroelementów. W takich przypadkach dana substancja nie jest oznaczona w składzie jako dodatek do żywności. Wyniki: Najczęściej stosowanym przez producentów źródłem wapnia były jego sole fosforanowe i węglanowe. Najmniej substancji dodatkowych zawierało mleko modyfikowane hipoalergiczne NESTLE NAN 1 HA , NESTLE NAN 2 HA i HUMA NA 2 HA . Dania gotowe, wchodzące w skład żywności uzupełniającej, nie zawierały substancji dodatkowych, a napoje i deserki w słoiczkach miały w swym składzie jedynie kwas L-askorbinowy. Wnioski: Poddane analizie produkty, niezależnie od producenta, w swoim składzie zawierały tylko substancje zgodne z prawem obowiązującym na terenie Polski i Unii Europejskiej. Najmniej substancji dodatkowych miało mleko modyfikowane hipoalergiczne NESTLE NAN 1 HA , NESTLE NAN 2 HA i HUMA NA 2 HA . Napoje i gotowe desery w słoiczkach w swoim składzie, jako substancję dodatkową, zawierały jedynie kwas L-askorbinowy (E300), a ciasteczka zbożowe dla dzieci wodorowęglan potasu (E501).

20

Introduction to the separate property regime in Polish law

75%

Kroczek P.

Annales Canonici

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2015

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vol. 11

95-105

EN

Introduction to the separate property regime in Polish law – The aim of the paper is to provide clear description of the separate property regime in Polish law. First preliminary issues were given about the characteristic of the Polish legal system and the important for the whole system of law in Poland. Next, the matrimonial property regimes are shortly described. The pivot of the paper is the 3rd part in which the separate property regime is described. The conclusion is that law does not regulate the regime in question in every detail, so for better understanding of the regime one must consult the judgments of the courts and opinions of the representatives of the legal doctrine.

PL

Celem tego artykułu jest jasny opis rozdzielności majątkowej w polskim prawie. Na początku zostały pokazane kluczowe cechy systemu prawnego obowiązującego w Polsce. Następnie krót- ko opisano ustroje majątkowe. Najważniejszą częścią artykułu jest jego zasadnicza część trzecia, przedstawiająca rozdzielność majątkową. Wniosek, jaki można wysnuć z tego przedstawienia, jest taki, że polskie prawo nie reguluje precyzyjnie ustroju majątkowego, o którym mowa, dlatego w celu jego lepszego poznania należy uciekać się do orzecznictwa i opinii doktryny.

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Food additives in food products for infants and young children – compliance with the prevailing rules and regulations

Introduction to the separate property regime in Polish law