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1

Think Tanks as a Complementary Element of the American Political System

100%

Ziętara W.

Ad Americam

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2012

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vol. 13

111-124

EN

The U.S. political system strongly differs from the European solutions. The main American political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, have a less hierarchical organizational structure, and are characterized by a lack of party discipline and a less ideological political program. Moreover, if we add to this indicators showing a decrease in public confi dence in political parties, for example a decline in voter turnout, a conviction that individuals have no infl uence on politics, or a sense of limited political choice, then the question appears whether there is an entity capable of replacing political parties. In this article I put forward the hypothesis that think tanks may serve as such a body. I defi ne, classify and characterize the activities of American think tanks. Even if I have proven in this article that American think tanks execute some functions of political parties, i.e. articulation of values, representation of social groups’ interests or recruitment of political elites, they still do not fulfi l the function of direct rivalry for power and ruling. Therefore, think tanks will still play a supplementary role towards political parties and the whole American political system.

2

Przemiany w systemie społeczno-politycznym północnokameruńskich Kirdi

100%

Różański J.

Forum Politologiczne

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2008

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vol. 7 - Przywódcy i przywództwo we współczesnej Afryce

309-340

EN

Kirdi - acephalic peoples of north Cameroon, joined together in the history, mainly by contacts and fights with the large state organisms, based on the Islam. Their main characteristic feature was acephalic social structure based on the blood relationship. To those structures there was linked the whole system of law, social life, economy, religion and morality. Crucial period in the history of Kirdi people was time of pressure of the Islam from the northern Cameroon through Fulbhe (Fula, Fulani). The permanent danger from the Fulbhe people created two strategies among those Kirdi, which didn't surrender to their total dominance. One strategy was to withdraw to more inaccessible lands and the second was the attempts of organizing the military resistance in political unities - chief commands formed at the resemblance of the Fulbhe structures. Also those groups which chose to escape to inaccessible lands (mountains, bogs) changed their organizational structure moving the accent from the importance of blood ties to territorial bonds. Introduction by the colonial and postcolonial state of the institution of "traditional leader" weakened even more traditional Kirdi structures, giving advantage to feudal Fulbhe structures. A tendency of weakening this traditional structures of Kirdi people is deepening also in our times through introduction of the new cultivations, by using money, through the phenomenon of the urbanization and by the system of education. Traditional bonds of acephalic communities based on the self-sufficiency and family life have problems in new reality, since they also do not have a basis in traditional religious structures which are undergoing severe crisis. Communities which developed system of the chief command do better. It is more adapted to new administrative reality.

3

The Concept of Sustainable Development as a Constitutive Element of the Polish Political and Legal System and a Specific Human Right

63%

Sobczak J., Kakareko K., Gołda-Sobczak M.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

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2021

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issue 6 (64)

451-465

PL

Termin „prawa człowieka” jest używany do opisania praw każdej osoby, niezależnie od jej narodowości czy pozycji społecznej. W doktrynie termin ten jest też różnie rozumiany jako materialne, społeczne i kulturowe przesłanki samodzielności człowieka. Natomiast koncepcja, jak i treść zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju są przedmiotem szerokiej debaty z udziałem przedstawicieli różnych dyscyplin naukowych, publicystów i polityków reprezentujących różne opcje. Autorzy artykułu w swoim opracowaniu poddają analizie zasadę zrównoważonego rozwoju w kontekście praw człowieka. Z treści art. 5 Konstytucji można wywnioskować, że zasada zrównoważonego rozwoju w tej warstwie jest szerszym od prawa prawem człowieka i obywatela, odnoszącym się do życia w środowisku nieskażonym. Sednem koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju, niedostatecznie podkreślanej ze względu na jej „zawłaszczanie” przez ekologów i niewłaściwie postrzeganą przez prawników złożoność, jest formułowanie praw dla przyszłych pokoleń. Postrzeganie tych praw przez twórców Konstytucji RP, zarówno w jej preambule, jak i w art. 5, należy uznać za doniosłe i antycypujące jej powstanie.

EN

The term ‘human rights’ is used to describe the rights of every person, regardless of their nationality or social position. In the doctrine, the term is also understood differently as the material, social and cultural premises of human independence. Both the concept and the content of the principle of sustainable development are the subject of a broad debate involving representatives of different scientific disciplines, publicists, and politicians representing different options. The authors of the article analyze the principle of sustainable development in the context of human rights. From the text of Art. 5 of the Constitution, it can be deduced that the principle of sustainable development in this layer is a human and civil right, broader than the law, relating to living in an uncontaminated environment. The core of the concept of sustainable development, which is not sufficiently emphasized due to its “appropriation” by ecologists and its complexity unduly perceived by lawyers, is that it formulates rights for future generations. The perception of these rights by the creators of the Polish Constitution, both in its preamble and in its Article 5, should be considered momentous and anticipating its creation.

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Think Tanks as a Complementary Element of the American Political System

Przemiany w systemie społeczno-politycznym północnokameruńskich Kirdi

The Concept of Sustainable Development as a Constitutive Element of the Polish Political and Legal System and a Specific Human Right