Search results - CEJSH

1

Afrykanskie elity polskie i polonijne w drugiej połowie XX wieku. Studium politologiczne

100%

Knopek J.

Studia Polonijne

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2013

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vol. 34

109-120

EN

This article pinpoints Polish and Polonia elites functioning in the Black Land in the second half of the twentieth century. The basic sources for this paper was Agata and Zbigniew Judycki's study entitled "Polonia. Słownik biograficzny" [Polonia. A Biographic Dictionary]. In this study, 827 figures were shown who lived at the turn of the twentieth and twenty first centuries, and how played the most important role in the Polish diaspora. We find 37 surnames in the dictionaries of those who lived on the African continent; this number made up 4,47% of the total study. This value was deemed relatively high because the general number of Poles and Polonia on the Black Land was estimated at 0,1%. The African Polish and Polonia personalities at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, who might be treated as the elite, were characterized by high intellectual and professional standards. Almost all of them had graduated from universities, had learned degrees, and obtained further degrees in their professions or academic specializations. Most of the personalities in question were related to the South African region, especially the Republic of South Africa, but there were also persons living and working in North, West, Middle or East Africa. At the head of the Polish and Polonia African elites we find those working in the exact sciences or engineering. Moreover, the clergy and missionaries constituted a relatively numerous group; they were appreciated by the Catholic Church. The smallest group was represented by the representatives of the humanities and the social sciences. In the representative group one finds no artists, musicians, or filmmakers. It has been pinpointed that in the case of the Polish and Polonia settlements one should not apply the criteria that refer to the way elites function in Poland because a diaspora is characterized by specific traits, thus the elite character of the forms of activity should be understood in a broad sense.

2

Status of Polish Priests in the United States 1956-1977

100%

Nir R.

Studia Polonijne

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2021

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vol. 42

459-475

PL

W 1976 r. Episkopat Polski podjął decyzję uregulowania statusu księży polskich, którzy w latach 1956-1976 pojechali do Stanów Zjednoczonych. W Warszawie pracami kierował Sekretariat Episkopatu, a w USA biuro koordynacyjne w Seminarium Polskim w Orchard Lake, na czele którego stał ks. prał. Aleksander Cendrowski. Z ośrodkiem amerykańskim współpracowali biskupi Władysław Rubin i Szczepan Wesoły z Rzymu. Z ramienia Episkopatu Amerykańskiego współpracowali Sekretarz Generalny Episkopatu Amerykańskiego, arcybiskup Joseph Bernardin i szef Komisji Emigracji i Turystyki biskup Rene Gracida. Z Polski w latach 1956-1976 wyjechało do Stanów Zjednoczonych 354 księży i zakonników z 48 diecezji i 14 zakonów, w tym 165 księży i 189 zakonników. Status na dzień 15 października 1977 r. przedstawiał się następująco: inkardynowanych księży 52, zakonników 56; w procesie inkardynacji 16; emerytów 17; wróciło do Polski 7; problem z inkardynacją miało 33; pracowało na prawach gościa 56. Najwięcej pracowało: 42 w Detroit, 41 w Chicago, 20 w Gary, po 18 w Brooklynie i Filadelfii, 15 w Buffalo, poniżej 10 w 18 diecezjach. O pozostałych księżach nie można było ustalić ich miejsca pobytu, statusu, czy też byli suspendowani bądź przeszli do stanu świeckiego czy zawarli małżeństwo. Po 1978 r. polscy biskupi podejmowali indywidualne decyzje i na ogół cofali duchownym suspensy i pozwalali im pracować w Stanach Zjednoczonych.

EN

In 1976 the Polish Episcopate made a decision to regulate the status of Polish priests who left for the USA in 1956-1976. In Warsaw, thr work was manages by the Episcopal Secretariat, and in the USA, the coordinating office in Orchard Lake Schools, headed by Rev. Msgr. Alexander Cendrowski. Bishop Wesoły and Rubin from Rome cooperated with the center. On behalf of the American Episcopate, the Secretary General, Archbishop Bernardin, and the head of the Emigration and Tourism Commission Bishop Gracida cooperated. In the years 1956-1976, 356 priests and religious left Poland from 48 dioceses and 14 religious orders, including 165 priests and 186 religious. October 15, 1977 the status of priests was as follows: incardinated priests 52, religious 56; 16 in the incardination process, 17 emeritus, 7 returned to Poland, 33 had problems with incardination, 56 worked as a guest. The worked the most; 42 in Detroit, 41 in Chicago, 20 in Gary, 18 in Brooklyn and Philadelphia, 15 Buffalo, less than 10 in 18 dioceses It was impossibile to establish the status of the other priests they were suspended, sent to the secular state and entered into marriage. After 1978 Polish bishops made individual decisions and, in general, they lifted their suspensions and allowed them to work in the USA.

3

[Recenzja]: Andrzej Jan Chodubski, Górnik, geolog Witold Zglenicki (1850-1904) „Polski Nobel”, Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego Płockiego, Płock 2011, ss. 192, il., Summary, Zusammenfassung.

94%

Walewander E.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

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2012

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vol. 97

431-433

4

Archiwum Seminarium Polskiego w Orchard Lake w latach 1978-2008

94%

Nir R.

Studia Polonijne

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2014

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vol. 35

7-44

EN

The Archives of the Orchard Lake Schools consists of documents from the Polish Seminary which was opened in Detroit in December 1885. These collections were enlarged as the years passed, especially when the Seminary was relocated to Orchard Lake in 1909. The main roles of this part of the Archives are as follows: a) collecting and preserving documents and photographs of the three schools which comprise the Orchard Lake Schools ( SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary, St. Mary’s College and St. Mary’s Preparatory School) and of its Centers (the Pope John Paul II Center, the Polish American Liturgical Center, Center for Polish Studies and Culture, and the Center for Pastoral Studies; and b) collecting biographical material about students and faculty. The archives of American Polonia and Polonia in other countries contains a variety of material generated both here and abroad. This large collection was catalogued in four major groups: 1. Political immigration; 2. Economic immigration; 3. State by state geographical immigration; and 4. Past and present statistics of immigration. The groupings reflect the culture and history of Polonia. Polish parishes played a very important role in the life of Polish immigrants. They were dynamic centers. Documents from Polish parishes form the largest collection in the Archives. In these documents we find jubilee books parishes; jubilee books of priests; jubilee books of parish associations. There is also a very large collection of photographs of churches, priests, schools, banquets; parish lay activities, and parish life such as processions, traditions, and organizations. These organizations always have been very important in the life of Polonia. The Archives has many sources for the history of Polish organizations. However, we can say that the Archives has documentation of about 1000 organizations. Interest in biographies of lay and religious activists and also outstanding Polish activists led to creating a special category of biographical materials. The biography section is catalogued in alphabetical order. Another special category contains Polish bishops and priests. Polish newspapers remain a primary source for scientific research. The Archives has 2000 titles of Polish newspapers published in the United States and countries other than Poland. There are 2500 titles of newspapers published in Poland. In the years 1978-2008 was organized the following archives, museums and libraries: The Museum of Fr. Józef Dąbrowski. This Museum contains material concerning the founder of the of the Polish Seminary, Fr. Józef Dąbrowski, rectors, professors, and students; Museum of the Polish Army Second Corps. The Archive consists of documentation of personal acts of soldiers from the Second Corps. Folders contain identity cards, letters, diplomas, distinctions, correspondence and pictures from the battlefield; Archive and Museum of the Polish Army Veterans’ Association of America. The Archive owns a great number of diverse reports and minutes from sessions of the Society’s directors and plenary meetings of the board of the Society of Polish Army Veterans in America; Archive and Museum of Polonia Radio and TV. Material donated during the past ten years by Polonia radio stations from Boston, Chicago, and New York. The collection of Rev. Msgr. A. Rojek consists mostly of recordings of the TV program „Winds from Poland”; Archive, Library, and Museum of the First Polish Armored Division. The Museum consists of sections: I Polish Tank Division, the Voluntary Polish Army in Canada, and Women Soldiers AK. Each section has its own archive, library, and collection; Archive, Library, and Museum of the Polish Home Army AK. It contains a serious collection of original documents, printing, maps, and pictures; Archive, Library, and Museum of the Polish Air Force. This collection is composed of reports and minutes of air force groups. Personal folders are filled with identification cards, photographs, and various documents; Museum of the Singers Alliance of America-Circuit 4. The material pertainso three choirs, which exist in the Detroit area: Choir Lutnia, Choir Filaret, and Choir Polonez; Museum of the Polish National Alliance. This Museum contains the entire collection of A. Mazewski, along-time chairman of the Polish American Congress, and the Polish National Alliance; Dr.Loda and Edward C. Różański Collection. This collection contains documents and materials concerning the Różański family, the Polish National Alliance, the Polish American Congress, trade union publications; Museum of the Polish Association of Former Prisoners of German and Soviet Concentration Camps. The archive contains documents of actions that were undertaken by the Association in order to help all former prisoners of German and Soviet camps gain legal status; Archive and Museum of the Catholic League for Religious Assistance to Poland. Bishop A. Abramowicz from Chicago, served as executive director of the League for many years, and it is evident by the massive amount of materials, photographs, illustrations and file cabinets of records he donated for this collection. The Polish American Archives of the Orchard Lake Schools serves a humble role as a research center for the studies of Polonia. It serves for Polonia as an American Poland. It is an historical heritage of Polonia.

5

My tutejsi – 20-lecie Związku Polaków na Białorusi

94%

Żurek W. W.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

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2009

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vol. 91

371-373

6

“Either we defend our polishness or there will be no Polonia”. Practices of negotiating national identity among the Polish diaspora members in Cleveland

84%

Gońda M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica

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2021

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issue 76

59-78

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania pilotażowego dotyczącego sposobów negocjowania tożsamości narodowej przez członków polskiej społeczności (Polonii) w amerykańskim Cleveland. Ujawniło ono złożone sposoby podtrzymywania i wyznaczania granic kulturowych (a zatem i konstruowania tożsamości zbiorowej) przez Polonię w sytuacji nierównych relacji władzy wobec społeczeństwa przyjmującego, ale i w łonie samej diaspory. Praktyki te realizowane są nie tylko w kontrze do społeczeństwa amerykańskiego, lecz także członków własnej grupy etnicznej, wskutek czego zachodzą jednoczesne procesy wzmacniania i osłabiania więzi diasporycznych, włączania i wykluczania poszczególnych jednostek i grup. Procesy te potęgowane są przez istnienie wielopłaszczyznowych podziałów wewnątrz tej społeczności (pokoleniowych, klasowych, przestrzennych i politycznych), które kształtują jej kondycję i wzorce uczestnictwa członków.

EN

The article presents the findings of a pilot study on the ways of negotiating national identity within the Polish community (Polonia) in the American city of Cleveland. The study showed the complex ways of maintaining and building cultural boundaries (and thus constructing collective identity) by the Polish diaspora in the situation of unequal power relations with the host society, but also within Polonia itself. These practices are conducted not only in opposition to the American society but also to members of their ethnic group, as a result of which there are simultaneous processes of strengthening and weakening diasporic ties, including and excluding individual members and groups. These processes are being reinforced by the existence of multifaceted divisions within this community (generational, social class-based, spatial, and political), which shape its condition and the patterns of its members’ participation.

7

O przywództwie polonijnym w rzeczywistości globalizacji świata

84%

Chodubski A. J.

Forum Politologiczne

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2013

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vol. 15 - Przywództwo polityczne w Polsce i na świecie

267-289

EN

In this article an argument is presented claiming that the strengthening or abating of emigrant Polish congregations is to a considerable extent due to the political activity of its leaders. It is emphasized that the cultural realm generates the profile of the leader (the leader being defined as participating individual who resolves own problems as well as the problems of the community). In social order, a proper education and the right qualifications have become the fundamental criteria needed for elevation into a new position in the socio-political management of a community. Nowadays one can enumerate two coexisting types of leadership in emigrant Polish congregations. The first type is a model of the leader representing the “old” emigration. A leader who is oriented towards cherishing of traditional forms of life of emigrant Polish congregations. Secondly, there is a model representing the newest wave of emigrants who favor the values of a global civic society which holds national and cultural diversity in high esteem. Careful thought indicates that the vital factors in determining emigrant Polish leadership have traditionally been political ideology and cultural connection, in conjunction with such elements like Catholicism, anarchism, democratic ideas, and the cult of modernity.

8

Służebniczki Śląskie wśród Polonii kanadyjskiej w Edmonton (1972-1989)

84%

Wiśniewska J.

Studia Polonijne

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2013

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vol. 34

77-108

EN

The establishment of the religious houses of the congregation of the Silesian Sisters Servants of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mother of God in Canada, planned as early as the second half of the nineteenth century, therefore still during the lifetime of its founder, Blessed Edmund Bojanowski, took place as late as the 1970s. The priority of its mission, i.e. religious and social commitment of the sisters on behalf of Polonia was accomplished gradually. It required that the first female settlers should make extreme efforts to adapt themselves. The political situation of the Polish People's Republic was not without importance, its shadow fell on the life and daily experience of Polish emigration, including sisters. The efforts made had led to the founding and development of the following activities: childcare education, nursing, charitable, and parochial activity. This activity, its dynamism and liveliness were conducive to the integration and support of Polish culture and national values in the local Polish milieu abroad. The most important places and centres where sisters served were the following: the Veteran’s Home Villa Maria, the Our Lady of the Rosary parish, the kindergarten Sisem Day Care Center, the H. Sienkiewicz Polish School, its kindergarten, and the John Paul II Polish School. In other stages of assimilation of the Silesian Sisters Servants in Canada, they were supported by the Missionary Oblates of Immaculate Mary and Polonia organizations; they had invited sisters to work in Canada.

9

120 lat polskiej obecności w Argentynie (1897-2017). Historia i teraźniejszość

84%

Wasilewski P.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

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2019

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vol. 67

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issue 2: Historia

175-197

PL

Początki polskiej emigracji do Argentyny sięgają XIX wieku. Polacy emigrowali do tego dalekiego, zamorskiego kraju najpierw jako osoby indywidualne, a następnie w większych grupach. Możemy wyodrębnić kilka fal polskiej emigracji zbiorowej do Argentyny: przedwojenną, czyli z okresu zaborów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem 1897 roku, międzywojenną i powojenną, zwłaszcza z lat 1945-1950. W artykule dokonano zestawienia informacji na temat historycznych aspektów opisywanego zjawiska, wyjaśniono przyczyny wyjazdów, podkreślono znaczenie roli duchowieństwa, wymieniono najważniejsze miejsca osiedlania się Polaków oraz sposoby i formy podtrzymywania polskiej tożsamości narodowej zarówno w przeszłości, jak i w teraźniejszości.

EN

The origins of Polish emigration to Argentina date back to the 19th century. Poles emigrated to this distant, overseas country, first as individuals and then in larger groups. We can distinguish several waves of Polish collective emigration to Argentina: pre-war, that is, the period of partitions, with special regard to 1897, interwar and post-war, especially from 1945-1950. The article summarizes the information we have about the historical aspects of the phenomenon described, explains the reasons for the trips, highlights the role of the clergy, lists the most important places for Poles to settle, and the ways and forms of maintaining Polish national identity, both in the past and in the present.

10

Młoda polska emigracja do Holandii

84%

Leska-Ślęzak J., Ślęzak J.

Cywilizacja i Polityka

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2016

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vol. 14

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issue 14

174-182

PL

Współczesne życie polonijne jest trudne do zdefiniowania, ponieważ ma na nie wpływ różnorodność zjawisk i procesów globalizacyjnych kształtujących rzeczywistość kulturową i cywilizacyjną. Polonia współcześnie stała się częścią globalnego społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. We współczesnym obrazie Polonii holenderskiej zaobserwować można przedstawicieli specyficznych fal wychodźczych. Młoda polska emigracja zarobkowa przybywa do Holandii albo przez agencje pracy, gdzie głównie zatrudniona jest w rolnictwie, budownictwie bądź na własną rękę. W opinii przeciętnych Holendrów Polacy postrzegani są jako: pijacy, źle parkujący, niemówiący w języku niderlandzkim, zabierający pracę miejscowym. Według badań to sceptyczne podejście do Polaków ma 30% obywateli holenderskich. Według danych z 2014 r. Polacy stanowią 28% ogółu obywateli Unii Europejskiej pracujących w Niderlandach.

EN

Life of Polish community abroad is hard to define, due to globalization and another process, which are creating the culture and civilization reality. Polish immigrants in the Netherlands are the representatives of specific migration waves. Young Polish emigration come to the Netherlands thanks to job agencies. Polish immigrants works in agriculture, architecture or they are self-employed. In Dutch people opinion Polish immigrants are considered to be drinkers, bad drivers, people, who don’t speak Dutch. 30% of Dutch society have skeptic view of Polish immigrants. In 2014 28% of European citizens are Polish.

11

Polacy-katolicy w Harbinie. W trosce o zachowanie tożsamości narodowej

84%

Pietrasiak M., Rodionova K.

Eastern Review

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2022

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vol. 11

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issue 1

107-124

EN

The primary purpose of the article is to add to the knowledge of the activities of the Polish colony in Harbin (Manchuria) by analyzing unpublished archival documents on the subject. The documents supplement already existing publications on the role of Poles in the process of planning and construction of the East China Railway (KWZD) and the operation of this trade route using the most important railroad junction, whose architects were Poles of Harbin. The period covered by the analysis is the late 19th–mid-20th centuries. Particular attention was paid to the care of the Harbin Polish community to preserve its national identity. The Catholic Church and the Polish schools established in Manchuria played a major role in this. The values that accompanied the functioning of educational and religious institutions based on the principles of tolerance and acceptance of diversity, as well as the involvement of Poles in the economic development of Manchuria can be an important element of Polish soft power towards China and building the image of Poland.

PL

Podstawowym celem artykułu jest uzupełnienie wiedzy o działalności kolonii polskiej w Harbinie (Mandżuria) poprzez analizę niepublikowanych dokumentów archiwalnych dotyczących tego tematu. Dokumenty uzupełniają już istniejące publikacje, dotyczące roli Polaków w procesie planowania i budowy Kolei Wschodniochińskiej (KWŻD) oraz eksploatacji tej drogi handlowej z wykorzystaniem najważniejszego węzła kolejowego, którego architektami byli Polacy, Harbinu. Okres, którego dotyczy analiza, to koniec XIX – połowa XX w. Szczególna uwaga została zwrócona na dbałość Polonii harbińskiej o zachowanie tożsamości narodowej. Dużą rolę odgrywał przy tym Kościół katolicki oraz szkoły polskie założone w Mandżurii. Wartości, które towarzyszyły funkcjonowaniu instytucji edukacyjnych oraz religijnych oparte na zasadach tolerancji i akceptacji różnorodności oraz zaangażowanie Polaków w rozwój gospodarczy Mandżurii, mogą być ważnym elementem polskiego soft power wobec Chin i budowania wizerunku Polski.

12

Z Dalekiego Wschodu na Bliski Wschód, do Afryki Północnej i Europy. Polacy z Mandżurii w szeregach Wojska Polskiego w latach 1939-1945 (II)

84%

Borysiewicz M.

Studia Polonijne

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2020

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vol. 41

21-36

EN

The history of Poles originating from Manchuria who participated in the 1939 Defensive War, and in the combat operations of the Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade, as well as other units of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, is not only a glorious card in the history of Polish diaspora in Manchuria, but it also marks strength of the Polish Army and a nation which was forced to fight for its survival in particularly difficult conditions of World War II. The heroic attitude of many Poles from Manchuria fighting in the Polish Army is all the more remarkable that some of them knew Poland only from the stories told them by their parents or teachers, however after its fall in 1939 they were ready to fight for its liberation.

PL

Historia Polaków wywodzących się z Mandżurii, którzy brali udział w kampanii wrześniowej, a także w walkach Samodzielnej Brygady Strzelców Karpackich, jak i innych jednostek Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie, to nie tylko niezwykle chlubna karta dziejów Polonii mandżurskiej, lecz również oręża polskiego oraz narodu polskiego walczącego o swoje przetrwanie w szczególnie ciężkich warunkach II wojny światowej. Bohaterska postawa wielu Polaków z Mandżurii walczących w Wojsku Polskim jest tym bardziej godna uwagi, że część z nich znała Polskę wyłącznie z opowiadań swoich rodziców bądź nauczycieli, mimo to po jej upadku w 1939 r. byli oni gotowi do walki o jej wyzwolenie.

13

The Activities of the Polish Section “War Relief Services-National Catholic Welfare Conference” in Great Britain from 10.12.1943 to 31.07.1946

84%

Nir R.

Studia Polonijne

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2018

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vol. 39

213-243

PL

W 1943 roku Amerykańska Konferencja Biskupów Katolickich w ramach NCWC powołała Polską Sekcję WRS-NCWC, celem niesienia pomocy Polakom uchodźcom w Wielkiej Brytanii. Na czele Sekcji stanęli ks. Alojzy Wysisło z Chicago i ks. Rafał Gogoliński-Elston z Londynu. Sekcja Polska w Wielkiej Brytanii zakładała i prowadziła dla Polaków różne instytucje i placówki, jak domy wypoczynkowe, hotele, domy dla inwalidów i dla starców, domy dla dzieci, sierocińce, szkoły, uczelnie, kursy, warsztaty, kantyny stałe i ruchome, bufety, herbaciarnie, szpitale, ambulatoria, laboratoria, gabinety dentystyczne, jak również wyposażone nowoczesne ambulanse i wozy sanitarne. Od grudnia 1943 roku do sierpnia 1946 roku założono i prowadzono w Wielkiej Brytanii 62 Polskie Centra. Największą nagrodą dla nich było to, że dzięki ofiarności amerykańskich katolików, biskupów katolickich i Dyrekcji WRS-NCWC mieli możliwość efektywnej pracy społecznej dla polskich żołnierzy, studentów, jeńców i uchodźców.

EN

WRS-NCWC Polish Projects activities in Great Britain started at the very moment of the arrival 30 November 1943 of the Rev. A. Wycislo, Delegate of WRS-NCEC, nominated by Executive Committee as Field Director, Polish Projects. Very Bishop J.F. Gawlina immediately created in London an NCWC Polish Projects in Great Britain Committee. Rev. Canon R. Gogolinski-Elston was nominated Secretary of this Central Committee. The common aims of NCWC activities all over the world were directing aims of NCWC Polish Projects in Great Britain Central Committees. The especial aim to have care about the Polish Soldier, his spiritual and moral welfare, and to ensure his cultural and educationall development in a truly Catholic and Polish atmosphere. Rev. Gogolinski-Elston was ordered to start work immediately and already on the 10th of December 1943 the Polish Hearth in Blackpool was taken over, as the first NCWC Centre for Poles in Gt. Britain. On the 12th of December 1943 NCWC Rest and Recreational Centre for Polish University Students was opened in Edinburgh, 15th December an NCWC Polish Air Force Canteen in Blackpool was opend, 24th of December 1943 an NCWC Rest and Recreational Centre for Polish Convalescent Airmen in Blackoop and NCWC Rest and Recreational Centre in Special Secret Duty Detachment in “X” (military secret) were created. Polish Projects in Gt. Britain will be an excellent testimonial to American Catholics with their Bishops, to War Relief Services-National Catholic Welfare Conference, organization with its so effective Executive and Field Director.

14

Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie procesów asymilacji Polonii w Nowym Jorku

84%

Tomalka A.

Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej

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2012

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vol. 1

221-241

EN

The paper aims the analysis of assimilation processes of Polish community in New York City. In order to study this complex problem it is necessary to characterize selected factors influencing the pace of assimilation and its differentiation in New York's group of Polish descent. The article presents an origins and development of Polish and Polish-American community as well as its current spatial concentration (residential pattern) and total population in the city. The research also includes naturalization processes associated with taking U.S. citizenship, activities of Polish institutions and organizations and use of native language by group of Polish descent as well as the cultivation of native traditions. The first Poles immigrated from Poland in the seventeenth century to the Dutch colony, at that time – the New Netherlands and to New Amsterdam as the center of the province. However, the biggest wave of immigration from the Polish lands was related to the socio – economic intense inflow at the turn of twentieth century. Currently, New York's Polish community is made up of various waves of immigrations. However, the most significant group of Polish immigrants is that from the last two decades. Thus, Polish community in New York can be defined as a relatively young, which mainly emigrated from Poland in the nineties last century. According to the 2009 American Community Survey , there is about 243,000 people of Polish descent in New York. This group includes both Polish Americans (people born with American citizenship in the United States), as well as Polish immigrants with Polish or American citizenship. Most people with Polish ancestry live in Brooklyn neighborhoods (Greenpoint, Williamsburg, Borough Park, Park Slope, Midwood). The Queens community of Polish descent is mostly located in Rigdewood, Maspeth, Middle Village, Bayside, Bellerose, Floral Park. In Manhattan, Polish community is more dispersed and people with Polish ancestry live mainly in East Village, the Upper West Side and Yorkville (so-called Little Poland). Based on the residential patterns of the Polish community in New York and the spatial concentration of various ethnic organizations and institutions (churches, Sunday schools, associations, institutions, foundations, etc.) the author identifies four areas that are characterized by high population density of the Polish ethnic group as well as the presence of a number of Polish institutions. There are two areas in Brooklyn borough – Greenpoint / Williamsburg, Park Slope and one in Queens – Ridgewood / Maspeth and Manhattan – East Village. Along with decreasing influx of Polish immigrants and their movements into new communities (spatial dispersion) it can be expected to intensify the processes of assimilation in this group. In addition, it can be observed that the number of naturalized persons is gradually increasing. Another indicator of assimilation advancement might be the attainment of English-proficiency. The greater the level of English-language skills, the higher the chance for educational and employment achievement. A large part of the Polish community in New York (64% of this group) uses only English. Polish language is used mainly by generations of immigrants living primarily in Brooklyn (Greenpoint) and Queens borough (Ridgewood). Among different Polish organizations and institutions the most important is Polish parish and church which cares for the traditional customs, celebrating Polish Christmas and other holidays. Many Polish parishes in New York City also formed schools (called Sunday schools) which are an important factor in delaying the processes of assimilation.

PL

W artykule dokonano próby analizy procesów asymilacji Polonii zamieszkującej Nowy Jork. W tym celu przedstawiono wybrane czynniki wpływające na tempo oraz różnicowanie zjawiska asymilacji nowojorskiej społeczności polonijnej. Przedstawiono genezę i rozwój tej grupy osób oraz jej obecne rozmieszczenie i wielkość. Przedmiotem badań są również procesy naturalizacji związane z przyjmowaniem amerykańskiego obywatelstwa, działalność instytucji i organizacji polonijnych, a także posługiwanie się językiem polskim przez polonijną społeczność Nowego Jorku oraz kultywowanie rodzimych tradycji.

15

Polskie migracje do Afryki. Stan badań i perspektywy metodologiczne

84%

Knopek J.

Studia Polonijne

|

2022

|

vol. 43

231-251

EN

The article presents the state of research on the emigration of Poles and on the Polish diaspora (Polonia), indicating a new methodological approach to Polish migration to Africa – a topic that has not been exhaustively researched. The author strives to present migration processes from Poland to the African continent. Also, the 19th and 20th-century formation of Polish and Polonia groups are presented. Due to the fact that Polish and Polonia communities emerged and vanished, different research tools and methodology should be applied in contrast to other continents. As regards the postulated research paradigms in relation to Polish emigration to Africa, the following should be considered: research on Polish migration to Central Africa, characterization of the potential of Polish specialists and academic-technical staff dispatched to Africa in the era of the Polish People’s Republic, specification of the role of Polonia communities in Africa who came from the West, migration of Poles to Africa after 1989, and writing a comprehensive monograph on the history of Polish diaspora in Africa. Research like this will enable further methodological studies on the social structure of Polonia, relations between those Poles and local communities, the use of Polish in new areas of settlement, the economic status of the diaspora, or presentation of processes of adaptation, acculturation and assimilation.

PL

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie stanu badań nad emigracją Polaków i Polonii oraz wskazanie na nowe ujęcie metodologiczne polskich migracji do Afryki, która to tematyka dotychczas nie spotkała się z wyczerpującym opracowaniem w literaturze przedmiotu. Zadaniem materiału stało się ukazanie procesów migracyjnych mieszkańców ziem polskich na Czarny Ląd, a następnie przedstawienie kształtowania się tam skupisk polskich i polonijnych w XIX i XX w. W związku z tym, że społeczności polskie i polonijne powstawały tam i zanikały, należy posiłkować się innymi narzędziami i technikami badań aniżeli na pozostałych kontynentach świata. W odniesieniu do wysuniętych paradygmatów badawczych, które należałoby w najbliższym czasie podjąć w zakresie opracowania polskich migracji na Czarny Ląd, znalazłyby się następujące postulaty: opracowanie migracji polskich do Afryki Środkowej; scharakteryzowanie potencjału polskich specjalistów i kadr naukowo-technicznych wysyłanych na Czarny Ląd w okresie PRL-u; określenie roli społeczności polonijnych przybywających z krajów zachodnich na Czarny Ląd; ukazanie migracji obywateli polskich na kontynent afrykański po 1989 r.; przygotowanie całościowej monograficznej rozprawy odtwarzającej dzieje polskiej diaspory w Afryce. Opracowania takie umożliwią podjęcie kolejnych metodologicznych badań w zakresie określenia struktury społecznej Polonii, relacji zachodzących między Polonią a społecznościami miejscowymi, używaniem języka polskiego w nowych miejscach osiedlenia, pozycją ekonomiczno-finansową diaspory czy ukazania dokonujących się procesów związanych z adaptacją, akulturacją i asymilacją.

16

Stymulatory migracyjne Polonii włoskiej

83%

Frączek A.

Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość

|

2018

|

vol. XV

9-31

PL

The question about the identity of an emigrant, and about his homeland is a difficult question for him, however, mostly emigrants are in favor of Polish identity, and they point to Poland for their homeland. However, while exploring this issue, it can be noticed that with the passage of years in exile, the answer is not so unambiguous and the most convenient form of response for an emigrant would be to opt for two homelands and for two identities. Poland is becoming a country of sentimental and real journeys while Italy becomes a country where one has a job, a home, a family. The identity of Poles who emigrated to Italy is influenced, among other things, by the time of emigration, the influence of Polonia, the external aspect connected with the character of the society in which emigrants reside, as well as the main motive of the trip. The Stymulatory migracyjne Polonii włoskiej 31 identity of Poles, as shown by the research, is heterogeneous and bidirectional (cultural bivalence) with features that indicate the pursuit of building a new identity, which will consist of both Polish elements and Italian elements corresponding to the reality surrounding the emigrants. This identity is ideal for an emigrant unit, because it allows to maintain a psychological balance, which was disturbed by the crisis situation, which was undoubtedly emigration.

17

Czynniki społeczne warunkujące aktywność i destynacje turystyczne chicagowskiej Polonii

83%

Ziółkowska-Weiss K.

Turyzm

|

2017

|

vol. 27

|

issue 2

121-130

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie czynników społecznych warunkujących aktywność oraz destynacje turystyczne chicagowskiej Polonii. Wśród tych czynników wyróżniono takie aspekty, jak: sytuacja rodzinna, wzorce rodzinne, brak tradycji rodzinnej, przynależność do organizacji, indywidualna chęć wyjazdu/poznawanie nowych miejsc oraz brak wolnego czasu. Celem badania było również sprawdzenie, czy przynależność do organizacji wpływa na większą częstotliwość wyjazdów turystycznych Polonii chicagowskiej w ciągu roku oraz czy ma ona wpływ na wybór kierunku wyjazdu turystycznego.

18

Polonia i polskie emigracje od doby zaborów – wyzwaniem badawczym nad wychodźstwem i nad stanem cywilizacji Zachodu

83%

Kubicki D.

Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO

|

2013

|

issue 1

15-32

XX

The author discusses the unique nature of Polish emigrations in the multifarious migratory history of the European West, and the presence of the Polish diaspora in Western societies. He sees the key to understanding that uniqueness in the extension of research into the ethnic traits and the shaping of Poland, and its present form, so distinct from other, essentially Germanic, states of Western Europe. He finds also that studies on the Poles abroad and the Polish diaspora in the communities of the European West enhance our knowledge of the present state of Western civilisation

19

Los militares de la Ilustración y la construcción del Este de Europa en España

83%

Recio Morales Ó.

Itinerarios. Revista de estudios lingüísticos, literarios, históricos y antropológicos

|

2020

|

vol. 31

34-56

ES

En los siglos XVI y XVII la relación de España con el Este de Europa estuvo marcada por la distancia geográfica, la discontinuidad diplomática y los prejuicios culturales. Desde principios del XVIII la frontera oriental despertó, sin embargo, un inusitado interés, que se intensificó desde la llegada al trono de Carlos III en 1759. La historiografía interpretó este “redescubrimiento” en clave diplomática: el Este de Europa permitiría a España desarrollar una política autónoma a los Pactos de Familia borbónicos. El envío de militares a las embajadas de Varsovia y San Petersburgo, las necesidades de la Real Armada y las misiones de observadores militares, nos permiten introducir la importancia del factor militar en esta aproximación. Las siguientes páginas se interrogan por el papel de los militares ilustrados en la construcción de un nuevo espacio estratégico, científico-tecnológico, mental y cultural. Las conclusiones avanzan que el utilitarismo militar fue decisivo en el “redescubrimiento” ilustrado del Este de Europa en España.

20

Emigracyjne konstatacje Jerzego Giedroycia i Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego z 1983 r. Perspektywa francuska i włoska

83%

Glugla P.

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie

|

2023

|

vol. 3(39)

95-124

EN

From the beginning of the 1830s, mass emigration from Poland, not occurring on such a scale before, was noted, mainly for political reasons (especially after the defeats of the November and January uprisings). The emigration trend continued throughout practically the entire 20th century. It entered the history of Poles, especially the war and post-war period. The coming to power of the communists generated many problems. For political reasons, many dissidents sought freedom outside enslaved Poland. Many of them voluntarily and also under the compulsion of the then “people’s” government. There were two main centers of the political and cultural life of the Polish diaspora – in London and Paris. The Literary Institute, with its founder Jerzy Giedroyc and collaborator Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, played a significant role in the post-war period. Both, despite having different experiences and visions of a free and independent Poland, unanimously saw emigration as a specific form of struggle against the communist regime in Poland. They saw help and weapons in this struggle in the spoken and written word, through which they influenced both the Polish diaspora in many countries and their compatriots in Poland, which was subjugated by communists. They noticed the entire complexity of the problems faced by Polish emigrants, especially those arriving abroad at the beginning of the 1980s. Their accurate diagnoses and advice were not always accepted by the Polish diaspora. The interviews with them in a retrospective form reflect the atmosphere and spirit of the difficult and complex reality of that time.

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