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Nabrzeża poezji Różewicza

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EN
In this article, the author attempts to describe the dialectical relationship between poetry and poem. This distinction seems to be as clear, as ambiguous and contradictory. The purpose of this article is therefore to unravel the problem, approaching it from two perspectives. Based on the analysis of a fragment of the poem Woda w garnuszku, Niagara i autoironia (“Water in the Pot, Niagara, and Self-Irony”), the author formulates a thesis of its illusiveness, as poem writing is a transgressive gesture, not subject to the finalization, made on the basis of an endless movement of formation and destruction. Hence the assumption that Różewicz’s only option, and even necessity, is writing. The second part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the line on the na obrzeżach poezji (“outskirts of poetry”), which addresses the problem of writing, or writability of text. The relation between poetry and poem is supplemented here by a third element, the function of the subject, which bearing the mark of the “original” act of exclusion, defines the eponymous “outskirts of poetry”, on the one hand determining the ambiguous boundary of the work (poem), and on the other – maintaining the relevance of the poem being recorded now.
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PL
Konfrontuje ze sobą dwa utwory: wczesny wiersz Warkoczyk (1948) z późnym poematem nożykiem profesora (2001), by pokazać, w jaki sposób Różewicz zmienia w poezji sposób przedstawiania rzeczy pochodzących z obozu Zagłady. Odrzuca tradycyjną epistemologię na rzecz przekonania o niezależnym bycie rzeczy w świecie; odrzuca także metaforę tym razem na rzecz opowieści o biografii nożyka. Nowe rozpoznanie sposobu istnienia rzeczy ma niewątpliwie źródła w projektach współczesnych antropologów i socjologów: Igora Kopytoffa, również Marcela Maussa, Alfreda Gela i innych. Poeta jednak nie wykorzystuje w poezji możliwości, które daje zwrot ku rzeczom. Pozostaje wierny przeświadczeniu o niewyrażalności doświadczenia Zagłady, a w konsekwencji niemożności dotarcia do istoty relacji człowieka z rzeczą. Wykorzystując znane chwyty: fragmentaryczność, niedopowiedzenie, milczenie, nie uchyla tajemnicy. Dlatego nożyk profesora pozostał jedynie poematem o pamięci, którą wspiera nożyk z obozu Zagłady.
PL
W artykule została przeprowadzona interpretacja utworu Tadeusza Różewicza przyj dziewczę przyj z tomu Kup kota w worku (2008). Konteksty współczesnych przemian kulturowych pozwalają odczytywać utwór jako wyrazisty akt sprzeciwu wobec rozpadu więzi wspólnotowych i erozji reguł komunikacji. W przestrzeni wirtualnej zastępującej dziś wcześniej funkcjonujące obiegi komunikacyjne dochodzić może, zdaniem Różewicza, jedynie do kalekiej i podlegającej rozmaitym zafałszowaniem symulacji porozumienia.
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2018
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vol. 72
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issue 3(322)
177-184
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest wpływowi, jaki na polskich poetów powojennych wywarła biografia i teologiczne intuicje urodzonego we Wrocławiu Dietricha Bonhoeffera (1906–1945). Podkreślając rolę publikacji z 1970 roku (Wyboru pism luterańskiego teologa oraz monografii Chrześcijanin w Trzeciej Rzeszy Anny Morawskiej), autor postrzega zagadnienie to jako przejaw opisanego już wpływu autora Naśladowania na opozycję lat 70. i 80., zwłaszcza na przedstawicieli tzw. lewicy laickiej. Jego materiał badawczy stanowią zarówno przywołujące Bonhoeffera teksty dyskursywne polskich poetów (S. Barańczaka, W. Woroszylskiego czy A. Zagajewskiego) i nawiązujących do nich eseistów (A. Michnika czy S. Chwina), jak i same teksty poetyckie (m.in. S. Stabry, W. Woroszylskiego, K. Brakonieckiego). Dłuższe analizy poświęcone zostały cyklowi Sztuczne oddychanie Barańczaka (1974), w którym – za J. Kandziorą – odnajduje autor liczne nawiązania do Bonhoeffera, oraz odnoszącemu się do niego bezpośrednio poematowi nauka chodzenia Tadeusza Różewicza (2004). Pobocznym celem artykułu jest przegląd powojennych polskich wierszy przywołujących postać Marcina Lutra, wśród których część – jak teksty Różewicza czy Woroszylskiego – powstała w czasie zainteresowania ich autorów postacią Bonhoeffera.
EN
An article on the impact exerted on Polish poets by the biography and theological intuitions of the Wrocław-born Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945). While stressing the role played by publications from 1970 (Selected Writings by the Lutheran theologian and the monograph: Chrześcijanin w Trzeciej Rzeszy by Anna Morawska) Piotr Bogalecki perceived this problem as a symptom of the already described influence of this author on the opposition of the 1970s and 1980s, especially the so-called secular leftists. Here, research material is composed both of discursive texts by Polish poets referring to Bonheoffer (S. Barańczak, W. Woroszylski or A. Zagajewski) and essayists evoking them (A. Michnik or S. Chwin), as well as poetry i (i.a. S. Stabro, W. Woroszylski, K. Brakoniecki). Longer analyses are dedicated to the Sztuczne oddychanie (Artifical Respiration) cycle by Barańczak (1974), in which the author, following the example of J. Kandziora, discovered numerous mentions of Bonhoeffer, as well as to the poem: nauka chodzenia (Learning to Walk) by Tadeusz Różewicz (2004) with its outright direct references. A lateral objective of the article is a survey of post-war Polish poems evoking the person of Martin Luther, some of which – such as texts by Różewicz or Woroszylski – were written at a time when their authors were interested in Bonhoeffer.
EN
Literary comparisons of Tadeusz Różewicz and Zbigniew Herbert mainly stress differences between them. The aim of my paper is to change the usual approach and argue that they both “interweave in Norwid”, to put it metaphorically. I claim that the latter could be viewed as a link that binds the two different, even conflicted one might say, poetical approaches. Norwid treated as the principium comparationis helps to recognize subtle similarities and sometimes, paradoxically, differences they entail. Apart from “Norwid-focused reading”, I additionally recapitulate poetic readings of Norwid’s Czułość (Tenderness).
RU
Zofia and Władysław Jarema – the founders of the Groteska Theatre – from the beginning of their artitistic work in Krakow distanced themselves from perceiving the theatre of dolls as exclusively children-oriented. By gathering around themselves a group of distinguished artists, they consistently and reasonably built up the repertoire and Groteska stage for the adult audience. In their search, they included Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński, Sławomir Mrożek, and Tadeusz Różewicz. This paper is an attempt at analysing and reconstructing the performance of Kartoteka (a drama by Różewicz), which was staged in Groteska Theatre (interpretation by Zofia Jarema, stage design by Kazimierz Mikulski) a few months after its Warsaw preview in the Drama Theatre. The author of the paper also discusses the type of influence which this performance and the Jaremas’ activity in general had on the contemporary theatre of dolls.
EN
The author reflects on the problem of social transformation in terms of receiving and classifying humor, as shown by the example of disappearing lyrical species called ‘trifle’. In his view, contemporary Polish poetry (and, in fact, all world literature) avoids decidedly satirical and humorous forms. Poetry is domi-nated by discreet and mixed humor, such as black humor, irony, pure-nonsense, mockery, persiflage, derision, grotesque. The analysis is based on poetry by the artists of three generations: Tadeusz Rozewicz, Bohdan Zadura and Krzysztof Jaworski.
EN
This article proposes an interpretation of Rembrandt’s Self-Portrait as Zeuxis Laughing (Wallraf- -Richartz Museum, Cologne) as it appears in Tadeusz Różewicz’s poem Mirror. The 17th-century Dutch artist was known as a painter who portrayed the human body as it really is, i.e. with all its imperfections and changes that are brought about by the passage of time. He has also been regarded as a master who expressed the disappearance and decay of form (Simmel) and the anticipation of death (Malraux) by using an unconventional technique. Różewicz “appropriated” Rembrandt’s face to speak of the inevitability of getting old and dying, the limits of Logos and poetry as well as the powerlessness of a poet whose fatal destiny is to describe and testify to suffering. Rembrandt’s figure appears in a flash of light, but at the same time seems to melt into thick paint, to disappear, like the poet’s words on the surface of silence, thus suggestively representing the moment of the subject’s transformation and crossing the border between life and death, the artist’s withdrawal from the world and last breath as well as the limits of literature, i.e. the loss of discourse. In this poetic epiphany, Rembrandt is – let us refer to Harold Bloom’s famous concept of apophrades – the great dead returning in Różewicz’s work.
EN
The paper addresses narrative strategies applied by Tadeusz Różewicz in his poem Ten to też (This is also) from the volume Szara strefa (Grey zone), an imagined episode in Adam Mickiewicz’s life. The analysis of the ironic intertextual play with the genre of epistolary reminiscences shows the contemporary writer’s struggle with the Romantic myth of the outstanding, pioneering poet. In the light of parallel experiences of living and writing, Różewicz’s dilemmas of an artist and a human being can be shown by means of an apparently amusing story of a social insult. The biographical anecdote turns out to be a latent attempt at an autobiographical utterance.
EN
Farewell volume by Czeslaw Milosz was entitled ‘It’. Because of the importance of the text, some re-viewers compared the text with the epilogue to ‘The Tempest’ by William Shakespeare. Tadeusz Rożewicz published a parody of Miłosz’s text entitled ‘This and That’. By adding ‘… and that’, he produced an effect resembling the puncturing of the bubble of illusion. The goal of this and similar polemics by Różewicz was not to arouse uncontrollable laughter, but recall a smile. Smile is always associated with the form and serves to maintain the continuity of culture. In intertextual games, the poet uses dif-ferent styles. The fact that he often reached for ludic and farcical conventions does not diminish the sophistication of his media. In the process of ridicule, the poet always kept the authenticity and naturalness. What is the kind of humor by Różewicz? We should rather talk about the many shades of his humor.
EN
The article deals with the inspiration of Norwid’s thought in the works of the selected Polish contemporary poets. The major part is devoted to Różewicz, but Przyboś himself is also mentioned as well as Szymborska. In the case of Norwid and Różewicz, an important common element is the concept of poetic language. Paradoxically, despite the fact that the worldview starting points are in most cases different – finally, the closest link between the above mentioned poets and Norwid is the understanding of poetry as a concern for human salvation (understood in different ways).
PL
Artykuł dotyczy inspiracji myślą Norwida w twórczości wybranych polskich poetów współczesnych. Najwięcej miejsca poświęcono Różewiczowi, ale pojawia się też Przyboś i Szymborska. W przypadku Norwida i Różewicza istotnym elementem wspólnym jest koncepcja języka poetyckiego. Paradoksalnie, mimo że światopoglądowe punkty wyjścia są w większości przypadków odmienne – ostatecznie, najściślej łączy wskazanych poetów z Norwidem pojmowanie poezji jako troski o (różnie rozumiane) ocalenie człowieka.
EN
Duszyczka (A Little Soul) by Tadeusz Różewicz was the penultimate production staged by Jerzy Grzegorzewski and at the same time the director’s last production, included in the repertoire of the National Theatre for seventeen years after his death. The author, a theatre historian and archivist, researcher of Grzegorzewski’s work and a multiple viewer of Duszyczka, attempts to describe the life of the play, which despite being deprived of the director’s care, nevertheless retained the shape given to it by the author to the end. He draws attention to how the aging of the performance, both in the metaphorical and quite literal sense (the physical aging of actresses and actors, the wear and tear of the stage objects) may have affected its reception. To this end, he confronts the surviving archival documentation of the performance with the personal experience of a multiple viewer. Despite the author’s declared reluctance towards this methodology, the article can be categorised as part of the current of the so-called affective archive.
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