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EN
Jan Christiaan Smuts (1870-1950) as a political leader is presented not in the context of his interior engagement in South African matters but through prism of his international activity. Special attention is paid to his participation in the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and his contribution in concept and creation of the League of Nations. Smut's diagnose of the political situation in Europe and his assessment of conditions of Versailles Treaty are underlined as well as Smut's projects concerning the future international world order.
EN
The Republic of South Africa is a regional power, and during the apartheid's rules it has interfered militarily and economically in many Southern African countries. After the peaceful democratic transformation it appeared that the RSA was naturally predisposed to play a role of regional leader because of its economic potential, models of solving internal political conflicts and demographic supremacy. However, internal problems are African National Congress's priority: education, poverty, racial inequality - all impossible to solve fast. Military expenditure has been reduced, therefore the RSA cannot take part in peace-keeping and peace-making missions in Sub-Saharan Africa on a large scale. The government operates on the global arena in order to improve its international position - it concerns co-operation between India and Brazil, demanding a permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council, organizing the FIFA World Cup in 2010. Meanwhile, there are numerous armed conflicts or dangers of relapses of such conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa. Besides, in the RSA's nearest international environment there is an oppressive dictator- ship in Zimbabwe, which has caused arrival of a few million immigrants and refugees to the RSA. Also, the majority of people suffering from AIDS live in Southern Africa. These three serious regional problems (conflicts, dictatorship in Zimbabwe and AIDS) demand an active leadership, but the Republic of South Africa is absorbed by internal affairs and not expensive acts on the global arena. Although it is considered as a natural regional power, its activity in Southern Africa is very limited.
EN
Since health authorities and pharmaceutical companies are risk-averse in the reimbursement process, risk-sharing agreements (RSAs) can be seen as a happy medium for ensuring that the inherent financial and clinical risks of implementing a new innovative treatment are minimized. Although a properly applied RSA lies in the interest of patients, payers and manufacturers, the initial analysis shows that implementation of performance-based RSAs (PBRSAs), tied to measurable health outcomes, faces numerous obstacles in Poland. The article seeks to propose solutions, taking into account the characteristics of PBRSAs in Italy and the United Kingdom. The analysis is in line with the current trend of gradual remodelling of the Polish system towards value-based healthcare. The methods employed include a broad conceptual and exploratory analysis of Polish and foreign literature and legal acts, data acquired from national health data repositories, materials published by pharmaceutical consortia, financial institutions and public authorities engaged in managing the medicine market in Europe.
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