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EN
The study deals with the situation and activities of Ruthenians and Ukrainians in the Spiš region in 1945–1989. The introductory parts of the study deal with two events that particularly affected the life of Ruthenians and Ukrainians. It was an option to the Soviet Union in 1947 and the abolition of the Greek Catholic Church in 1950. The study also deals with the relationship of Ruthenians and Ukrainians with the majority and their employment. A considerable part of the study is also devoted to the education and culture of Ruthenians and Ukrainians, which were significantly influenced by Communist power interventions. The thesis tries to point out the specifics of the Spiš Ruthenians and Ukrainians and a certain difference in their historical development compared to Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Šariš and Zemplín.
EN
On the base of the agreement about the option from the year 1946, more than 8556 Slovak citizens had to emigrate in 1947 to Ukraine. In Ukraine they had to adapt to the new conditions, which had not responded to their ideas of better life. Large part of them returned to Slovakia. After return they were perceived by citizens of the Slovakia and the Slovakian legislative as foreigners. From the 60s of the 20th century here exists the institutional effort to inform public about the option and for categorization of the repatriated people (reoptants) with equal rights to the other Slovakian citizens.
Slavica Slovaca
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2012
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vol. 47
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issue 2
153 - 159
EN
Calendar customs represent a permanent part of the cultural calendar of local communities in both towns and villages. They include ceremonies and customs, related to important festive days throughout the year. Calendar custom tradition however, has under the social and cultural life system its un-replaceable position. Making a special feeling of festivals continues to be its dominant function. It ensures the continuity of culture, transition of social experiences and it plays also significant integration and psycho-emotional roles in life of the individual, family and community.
EN
As presented in the title, the article is focused on the problems of Ukrainian national school system in Slovakia in the year 1945 – 1970 from the perspective of Slovak historiography. The purpose of the article is the analysis and interpretation of monographs, studies and articles about school system of the Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Slovakia which were published from mid-1950 to present.
Annales Scientia Politica
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 2
27 – 36
EN
The study analyses a problematic status of the Greek Catholic Church in a political and ideological establishment of the Slovak Republic during 1939 – 1945, as well as the confrontational relationship of both subjects. Slovak Republic – as it is formulated in the Preamble to the Constitution – has identified itself with the (catholic) Christianity, i.e. the concept of National Socialism has originated at the background of a Christian worldview. This ideological construct has adored one (Slovak) nation to indoctrination of a society. Such construct has ultimately led to the discrimination of national minorities, in this case Ruthenian minority, whose members has mostly identified with the Greek Catholic confession. In a regime with a close connection of the Catholic Church and the political system there were fluently applicate undemocratic practices which infringed upon internal affairs and operation of the Greek Catholic Church, primarily its educational system (Greek Catholic Seminary and Theological Academy) in the intention to weaken its internal structure and integrity.
Konštantínove listy
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2017
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vol. 10
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issue 1
211 - 221
EN
There are multiple factors that had a certain influence on position of the Byzantine rite Christians in the Hungarian kingdom during the Vlach colonisation (the 14th – 17th centuries). In the paper the author attempts to describe position of Eastern Christians in both ecclesiastical and profane spheres of life, how they were treated by the king, their landlords, the Latin Church officials and eventually the pope himself in a period of time since they were first mentioned in the written sources until the time when a part of the Byzantine rite clergy recognised an act of subordination to the Latin clergy and thus entered a union with the pope. During this process a number of adherents of the Eastern “branch” of Christianity noticeably increased and so did a royal need for their services as the protectors of the borders.
EN
Many centuries of co-habitation of Poles and Ruthenians in common areas of the borderland created an exceptional denominational situation. Both nations were often joined within one family. Problems caused by the meeting of Greek Catholic and Latin traditions should have been regulated by special Church documents of a local character, as well as by ones promulgated by the Holy See.
Slavica Slovaca
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2022
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vol. 57
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issue 3
301-312
EN
The study focuses on the reflection of Jewish-Slavic relations in the work of Alexander Dukhnovych (Oleksander Dukhnovych). The researched author was Greek Catholic priest – representative of the Eastern Religious Rite (Byzantine). In his drama Добродітель превишаєт багатство (1850), the figure of the Jewish innkeeper appears. In the context of the work, he is a negative character. In the picture of him we can identify elements of stereotyping. I briefly present the history of the Jews in Eastern Slovakia, where Dukhnovych lived. The role of priests in the middle of the 19th century and their motivation in writing educational prose is described. The aim of such writings, which were written mostly by the clergy during the mentioned period, was not to stir up passions. The task of didactic works was to educate people and to warn them against the harmful influence of alcoholism. Dukhnovych was one of the first writers to draw attention to the issue of alcoholism in areal literature.
Vojenská história
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2022
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vol. 26
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issue 3
89 - 106
EN
The author of the study notes that the Habsburg Monarchy is traditionally perceived as a multinational state formation. In addition to Germans and Hungarians, Czechs, Croats, Serbs, Poles, Romanians, Slovaks, Slovenes and Ruthenians lived in this traditional Central European power, inhabiting the north-eastern counties of the Kingdom of Hungary and the territory of the Crown Land of Halych. Because of their linguistic, cultural and confessional affinity with the Russians, who invaded the territory of Galicia and the Carpathian Mountains after the outbreak of the World War I, the Ruthenians fell into disfavour with the Austro-Hungarian authorities. This was also felt by Jaroslav Kmicikiewicz, the son of a Greek-Catholic priest of Ruthenian origin, who was arrested in late August 1914 and transported to the Teresin prisoner-of-war camp, from where his steps led to the Austrian camp of Thalerhof. The paper publishes his personal testimony from the 1970s and offers readers a unique perspective of a persecuted Ruthenian in the period from 1914 to 1918.
EN
After the liberation in 1945, it was expected that the Russian and Ukrainian minority schools in Slovakia will have a determining role not only in the field of education and the spread of enlightenment, but also in the effort to revitalise national life of Ruthenians and Ukrainians. In this meaning, the national minority schools were supported even by official representation of the national minority that found its adequate reflection in the activity of the Ukrainian National Council of Prjasevscina, which actively participated in the creation of conditions for the development of national minority culture and education. The employed methods though led to the decreased interest in Ukrainian education.
EN
In the last centuries the cultural development of the Ruthenian population in Slovakia was markedly influenced not only by its geographic position on the crossroads between East and West, by its traditional socio-economic backwardness and political immaturity of its representation, but also by its creative intelligentsia's inclination toward romanticism and their naive reaction for actual problems of the period. From the 19th century the cultural life of South Carpathian Ruthenians was evidently marked by certain conservatism, isolation and disability to join democratizing and liberating movements of that time. This situation was even worse in the Northeast Slovakia. For those reasons the first impulses of modernisation could be applied better in the period of the first Czechoslovak Republic, even if in a considerably more complicated social and political situation. On the other hand, there was a certain advantage against foretime, that particularly after 1948, the protection of culture and art became the subject of the state. The expansion of culture among the population of Northeast Slovakia was ensured by the four Ukrainian speaking cultural inspectorates in Bardejov, Snina, Stara Lubovna and Svidnik. In villages with Ruthenian and Ukrainian population libraries with Ruthenian and Ukrainian literature were created and the groups of artistic creativity began to work more strongly and deliberately.
EN
Ruthenian inhabitants had their significant role in the national, social and legal, as well as religious structure of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. There were two waves in their settlement. At the beginning of the 14th century they entered the territory according to German law, but at the same time the Wallachian element could be recorded as well. The Wallachian element was fully dominant later. On the other hand, at the beginning the resident territory of Wallachian inhabitants, who claimed to be of Ruthenian nationality, in East Slovakia were the same as the older locations settled according to German law. The Ruthenians and Wallachians used the regressive development in the 15th century. Later they moved into new territories and established new settlements.
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