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EN
The paper provides an assessment of the support and financing instruments available for renewable energy sources (RES). The first part presents an overview on the different European bodies involved in financing RES development and lists specific funding programmes, pointing out the type and volume of financial support. The instruments have been identified for both, the project as well as the technology dimension. The second part provides an overview of support and financing instruments available for renewable energy in the Member States and the main support instruments (feedin tariffs and quota). Finally the paper develops recommendations for improving financing and support instruments in Poland and closing the financing gap for reaching the 2020 targets.
EN
On 22 December 2011, the Ministry of Economy presented a draft law on Renewable Energy Resources (RES), which fits into the discussion on the recognition of wind power plant as an investment of a public purpose (IPP). The author is of an opinion on that a wind power plant cannot be considered as an IPP for legal, rather than technical reasons. The investor’s objective is to obtain an outline planning decision, not a decision on the location of an IPP, which might otherwise prolong the investment process.
PL
On 22 December 2011, the Ministry of Economy presented a draft law on Renewable Energy Resources (RES), which fits into the discussion on the recognition of wind power plant as an investment of a public purpose (IPP). The author is of an opinion on that a wind power plant cannot be considered as an IPP for legal, rather than technical reasons. The investor’s objective is to obtain an outline planning decision, not a decision on the location of an IPP, which might otherwise prolong the investment process.
EN
Aim/purpose – The article aims to show the housing situation, satisfaction with housing conditions and place of residence, and the use of renewable energy sources in urban households of Polish seniors. Design/methodology/approach – Direct research in the form of a survey questionnaire was carried out on a sample of 2537 households in 2014-2015 in ten Polish cities of various populations and sizes. In accordance with the research assumptions, the sample included persons over 65 years of age who took independent purchasing decisions in the market. In order to select the sample, the selective quota sampling procedure was used. The survey was conducted among participants of the University of the Third Age at state universities in: Warsaw, Kraków, Łódź, Poznań, Gdańsk, Katowice, Lublin, Białystok, Toruń and Wrocław, as well as among members of parochial clubs in parishes located in the Archdioceses of Warsaw, Kraków, Łódź, Białystok, Gdańsk, Katowice, Lublin, Poznań, Wrocław and the Dioceses of Warsaw-Praga and Toruń. Findings – The survey reveals that more than half of seniors’ households are satisfied with both the place of residence and housing conditions. The use of RES in seniors’ households looks slightly worse. Only 1.5% of all the surveyed households of persons aged 65+ invest in alternative energy sources to produce electricity and heat. Financial problems are the key barrier to the development of RES-related projects in their households. Research implications/limitations – Given the limited financial capacities, the study of housing conditions and the use of RES among people aged 65+ was confined solely to seniors’ households in the largest Polish cities. In those households, a relatively low share of RES often results from inadequate technical conditions for the connection of RES installations. Rural households generate slightly more electricity and heat from RES. Originality/value/contribution – This is one of the first studies published in Poland that attempt to provide some insight on RES used in urban households of people aged 65+.
EN
This article shows the importance of aiming to sustainable developmentof renewable energy for energy sector in Poland. Two detailed aims have benn shown in realisation the main idea of this work: the influence of UE integration for sustainable development for renewable energy sector in Poland; state of development for polish sector of renewable energy. The article shape was subortinated to the main aim. The issue of sustainable development for renewable energy has been shown in the first part.The current state for sustainable development has been shown in the second part. The development forecasts for renewable energy were presentedin the third part. The main conclusions were containted in summary.
PL
Produkcja energii ze źródeł odnawialnych (OZE) uwarunkowana jest m.in. czynnikami przyrodniczymi oraz ekonomicznymi, które mogą stwarzać dysproporcje między regionami. Celem badania jest ocena zróżnicowania poziomu rozwoju OZE w regionach w Polsce w latach 2008-2014. W badaniu wykorzystano metody wielowymiarowej analizy porównawczej, a w szczególności metody porządkowania liniowego obiektów opartych na zmiennych syntetycznych. Wyznaczenie bezwzorcowej miary rozwoju oraz taksonomicznej miary rozwoju pozwoliło stworzyć ranking obiektów według poziomu rozwoju badanego zjawiska oraz wyselekcjonować grupy regionów o podobnym poziomie rozwoju OZE. W przeprowadzonej analizie badanymi obiektami są regiony w Polsce, które zostały scharakteryzowane wybranymi cechami, opisującymi stopień wytwarzania energii z OZE.
EN
Energy production from renewable energy sources (RES) is conditioned by, among others, environmental and economic factors, that may create disproportions between regions, as to the energy production from RES. The aim of the study is an evaluation of diversification of the level of development of RES in regions in Poland in the years 2008-2014 on the basis of comparative analysis, and especially the methods of linear ordering of objects, based on synthetic variables. Determining paternless measure of development and taxonomical measure of development, making use of a pattern from a sample, allowed to create a ranking of objects according to the level of development of analyzed phenomenon and to select groups of regions with similar level of development of RES. In the performed analysis, the analyzed objects are regions in Poland, that were characterized by chosen features describing the level of energy production from RES.
PL
Regulacje unijne, które nakładają na państwa członkowskie obowiązek ograniczenia emisji szkodliwych gazów cieplarnianych oraz zwiększenia udziału odnawialnych źródeł energii w całkowitym zużyciu energii, bezpośrednio wpływają na kształt polityki energetycznej państw europejskich. Celem badania jest określenie wpływu wzrostu gospodarczego na emisję zanieczyszczeń poprzez weryfikację środowiskowej krzywej Kuznetsa oraz ocena wpływu wytwarzania energii ze źródeł odnawialnych na jakość środowiska. W badaniu oszacowano parametry modelu ekonometrycznego dla 29 państw europejskich w oparciu o zestaw danych panelowych z lat 2000-2011.
EN
The EU regulations which require Member States to reduce the emission of harmful greenhouse gases and increase the share of renewable energy sources in the total energy consumption have a direct impact on the shape of the energy policy of the European countries. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of the economic growth on the emission of pollutants by means of verification of the environmental Kuznets curve and the assessment of the impact of energy generation from renewable sources on the quality of the environment. The study estimates the parameters of the econometric model for 29 European countries on the basis of panel data from the years 2000-2011.
XX
Omówiono technologiczne i ekonomiczne możliwości wykorzystania odnawialnych źródeł energii w Polsce. Za nierealne uznano znaczące zwiększenie pozyskania energii ze źródeł odnawialnych w najbliższych latach, bez uruchomienia zachęt ekonomicznych.
EN
Background: The objective of this research is to identify the relationship between green logistics operations, national economic and environmental indicators in a panel of 42 selected global ranked logistics countries over the period from 2007 to 2018. The study aims to expand the domain of green logistics from the micro/firm level to the macro level. Methods: This research paper has used a summary OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) method to test hypotheses. From 2007 to 2018, data panels for 42 countries were downloaded from the World Bank website. Results: The findings of this study indicate that in selected panel countries, the green logistics business has a positive and statistically significant relationship with foreign direct investment inflows, renewable energy consumption, and energy demand. On the other hand, there is a significant negative correlation between CO2 emissions and green logistics. In addition, foreign direct investment and renewable energy are the driving factors of the green logistics business and also promote environmental sustainability. Conclusions: This research paper provides insights into the relationship between green logistics operations and economic and environmental sustainability. In addition, the scope of this research paper is much broader than previously published research papers, in which researchers discovered the relationship between green logistics and corporate performance. However, this research paper focuses on the macro level to understand the link between green logistics and national size indicators.
PL
Wstęp: Celem pracy jest zidentyfikowanie zależności pomiędzy operacjami zielonej logistyki wskaźnikami ekonomicznymi i ekologicznymi w oparciu o panel 42 wybranych krajów z globalnego rankingu logistycznej w okresie od 2007 do 2018. Badanie to w szczególności rozszerza domenę zielonej logistyki z poziomu mikro czy poszczególnych przedsiębiorstw do skali makro. Metody: W celu testowania hipotez zastosowano metodę OLS (najmniejszych kwadratów). Dane dotyczące wybranych 42 krajów zostały pobrane ze strony internetowej Banku Światowego dla okresu od 2007 do 2018. Wyniki: Uzyskane wyniki pokazują statystycznie istotną i pozytywną współzależność z bezpośrednimi zagranicznymi inwestycjami, konsumpcją energii odnawialnej oraz popytem na energię w analizowanych krajach. Z drugiej strony emisja CO2 oraz zielona logistyką są istotnie negatywne ze sobą skorelowane. Dodatkowo, FDI oraz źródła energii odnawialnej są kluczowymi czynnikami wspomagającymi operacje zielonej logistyki, która prowadzi do zrównoważonego rozwoju pod względem ekologicznym. Wnioski: Prezentowana praca daje wgląd w zależności pomiędzy operacjami zielonej logistyki a ekonomicznym i ekologicznym rozwojem zrównoważonym. Dodatkowo, praca ta ma znacznie szerszy zakres niż wcześniejsze prace dotyczące tej tematyki, w których to zostały przedstawione zależności pomiędzy zieloną logistyką a działalnością firmy. Prezentowana praca skupia się ma poziomie makro w celu uchwycenia zależności pomiędzy zieloną logistyką a wskaźnikami na poziomie krajowym.
PL
The main aim of this paper is to describe the legal instruments of climate protection in Poland. This issue is significant, because for several decades, climate changes and climate protection have been the object of legal regulation, both international, European and domestic. The conducted analysis concerns three main legal acts: the Act of 27 April 2001 – Environmental Protection Law, the Act of 9 June 2011 – the Geological and Mining Law as regards  CCS, and the Act of 20 February 2015 on Renewable energy (including, to a certain extent, regulations of the Act of 20 May 2016 on Investments in wind power plants). The paper closes with evaluation of present regulations and formulation of de lege ferenda proposals.
EN
The objective of the paper is to analyse the system of prosumer energetics support in Poland. The system has been functioning since 2013 based on the regulations provided by the revised Energy Law. The purpose of the study is to present the essence of prosumer energetics and also the identification and synthetic characteristics of basic administrative and financial as well as economic and financial instruments stimulating the development of micro-installations of dispersed generation taking advantage of renewable energy sources. A lot of space was devoted, in particular, to the characteristics of feed-in tariffs and the "Prosumer" priority programme initiated by the National Fund for Environment Protection and Water Management.
EN
The climate policy of the European Union, concerning the struggle against global warming, concentrates, among others, on the realisation of the objectives of "the energy-climate package 3x20" adopted by the European Council, envisaging a 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, a 20% increase in energy efficiency and a 20% share of energy produced from renewable sources in the overall energy balance by 2020. The commitment to meet these objectives has been underlined with directives aimed at promoting the use of renewable energy sources, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the improvement and extension of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) geologic storage of carbon dioxide and the public support for the actions aiming at environmental protection. The agreed energy-climate package means that EU member states are going to face many challenges, imposing on them the obligation to take a number of measurable steps towards implementation of these directives. On the one hand, the main objectives of the package fit very well into the concept of sustainable development, whilst, on the other, meeting these objectives is very costly and controversial, in particular for countries whose energy is based on conventional sources. What is the essence of the energy-climate package given the climate change theory and within the context of sustainable development? What has been the success of the realisation of the package so far? These are the main research questions in this paper.(original abstract)
EN
The ongoing, dynamic development of civilization is associated with the growing demand for energy. The use of traditional energy sources such as coal, oil and natural gas is not only associated with an increase in environmental pollution, but also causes the depletion of natural resources. Renewable sources of energy are an alternative to non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels. The energy from renewable sources in Poland includes the energy from direct using solar radiation, wind, geothermal stores (from the inside of the earth), water and energy generated from solid biomass, biogas and liquid biofuels. The main objective of this article is to assess the changes occurring in the market of renewable energy in Poland. The changes in the structure of obtaining energy from renewable sources in Poland will be discussed and the linear ordering of countries according to the proportion of energy from renewable sources in total electricity production will be conducted on the basis of available data. The paper presents also the structure of production of electricity from renewable energy sources in Poland compared to other European Union countries.
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