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1
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Římské právo a kanonické právo

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EN
The article deals with the relationship and interaction of Roman and canon law. The first part (Introduction to Roman Law) describes the developmental stages of Roman law and its "second life" (the process of its reception). The second part (Roman Law and the Law of the Catholic Church) deals with the relationship of Canon Law to Roman Law according to the individual stages of development of Canon Law: in the period of the so­-called "old law" (jus antiquum), where the principle of Ecclesia vivit lege Roman is shaped; in the period of the so­-called "new middle age law" (jus novum medii aevi), when Roman law became an official supporting source of canon law, and in the period of the so­-called "latest law" (jus novissimum), when the Code of Canon Law of 1917 no longer recognises Roman law as a subsidiary source of canon law. Roman law thus definitely becomes a historical right in the Church.
PL
The article contains characteristics of the fourteen professors who gained their appointment to the Regius Chair of Civil Law in Oxford and Cambridge in the 18th century. Their academic careers as well as their many out-of-academia duties are described in the article. The analyses of the collected materials allowed the author to assert that the condition of teaching Roman law in the 18th-century England resembled the general crises of the university education in England in the aforementioned epoch. For most of the lecturers the academic posts were more or less sinecures that provided a social prestige and honourable social position. Only the late 18th century brought some changes in the methods of teaching Roman law and in the appointments of the professors. To a fuller extent these changes could not be observed to bring expected effects before the mid-19th century.
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Codex: Un nombre antiguo

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EN
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: A brief exposition is presented on the origins and developments of Roman Law, taking as starting point the idea of a Law of Jurists that becomes a Law of Autocrats (the emperors), with changes in the sources and in the sustenance of the same ones. The ultimate result is the codification of that Roman Law in the times of Justinian and the ancient (not modern) meaning of the notion of Code. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: It is a purely informative, synthesis and exposition work for which it has relied on the most recent and the most traditional bibliography and sources, analyzing one and the others. RESEARCH RESULTS: The two great moments (classical and postclassical) of the Roman era are presented, from the legal perspective, to show how this slow and painless transition from an open and plural system to another monotone, dominated by the emperor in both what the new Law refers to as old Law. The Code is the final recapitulation of this Roman intellectual and cultural world. CONCLUSION: Rome manages to evolve, without betraying itself and without abandoning its oldest sources; rather, assembling all the materials and creating a method in which medieval and modern jurists will then be inspired. In the final Code and Codification they manage to incorporate all that Law and the main guidelines for its interpretation.
EN
The study deals with Huerta de Soto’s thesis about the “mistaken doctrine of common law”, which is based on the equalization of depositum irregulare and mutuum contracts. He concluded that equalization of these contracts resulted in the creation of business cycles. According to this study, Huerta de Soto made a mistake when considering contracts inspired by the continental law based on Roman law. The study shows that mutuum was even in Roman law an ancient contract that was not codified, and that Huerta de Soto’s interpretation of this contract in the Anglo-American legal system is based more on civil law, not on common law as he stated in his work. Finally, the problem of common law did not lie in the equalization of the mentioned contracts, but rather in the absence of depositum irregulare contracts applied to monetary questions.
EN
In this article the author analyses three hypothetical sources of inspiration for papal lawyers who prepared canon Saepe coningit in the Fourth Council of the Lateran. This analysis does not give a unequivocal answer, which Roman solution was the reference point for papal lawyers. All the presented solutions , i.e. actio Pauliana, a case of selling a stolen thing and by usucaption of a stolen thing differ in respect to a factual state, which became the subject of canon regulation in Saepe coningit or are identical with it. Thus, we can accept that the statement non obstante civilis iuris rigore, which was used by the Council Fathers, in fact did not apply to any concrete regulation of the Roman Law but it pointed to it as a legal order
XX
This article is a continuation of the “Invalid obligations ex stipulatione. The meaning of Impossibilium nulla obligatio est (D. 50,17,185) of Celsus in Roman law” (Law and Economics Studies, LXXXIII/2011, pp. 205–235). It leans on the similar construction and presents in a polemic way two groups of opinions with reference to invalid obligations ex venditione. It shows, similar to invalid obligations ex stipulatione, that the adaptation of civil law achievments to the ground of Roman law does not help to understand the concept of initial impossibility in Roman law. Alternative theories on the other hand, which analyse invalid obligations ex venditione in relation to the concept of valid formation of contract, put the main meaning to the regula iuris of Pomponius: Nec emptio nec venditio sine re quae veneat potest intellegi (D. 18,1,8 pr.) and at the same time allow to negate the application of the phrase of Celsus pertaining to obligations ex venditione.
EN
In the first part of his work, the author presents two attempts at the codification of Polish law undertaken at the end of the 18th century, while in the second deals with the problem of a heated discussion, commenced in 1800, on the role and position of Roman law in Polish law of the pre-partition epoch. The author emphasizes the unfortunate fact that both codification enterprises remained attempts only. The so called “Zamoyski Code” of 1778 did not gain the force of binding law, both for substantive and political reasons. Work on the so called “Stanislaus August Code” did not go beyond the stage of acquiring materials and sending prospectuses. In both these projects one can find a considerable number of references to legal solutions of the ancient Romans, especially in widely understood civil law (right in property, obligation law, law of inheritance, family law). The discussion on Roman law and its presence in former Polish law initiated by Tadeusz Czacki, and soon (1806) undertaken by his adversary, Jan Wincenty Bandtke, found many outstanding followers in the persons of J. Lelewel, R. Hube, A. Kraushar or W. Maciejowski. Czacki sought the provenance of Polish law in northern laws and did not see any influences of ius romanum. Bandtke, on the other hand, regarded Roman law as a binding force in the development of Polish law. The seasoned expert of the course of that discussion, J. Kodrębski, states that in the first half of the 20th century it still antagonized scholars and virtually it was not definitely resolved. The beginnings of this polemics perfectly corresponded with the introduction of the Napoleonic Code in the Duchy of Warsaw. Kodrębski perceives in this process the only successful attempt of reception of Roman law in Poland.
Zeszyty Prawnicze
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2014
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vol. 14
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issue 2
201-212
EN
KWARTA FALCYDYJSKA NA TERYTORIUM REPUBLIKI CZESKIEJ Streszczenie Artykuł dotyczy wprowadzenie kwarty falcydyjskiej do kodeksów prawa cywilnego obowiązujących na terytorium Republiki Czeskiej. Chociaż kwarta falcydyjska stanowiła element prawa (rzymskiego) stosowanego w Świętym Cesarstwie Rzymskim, nie stała się ona częścią niemieckich kodeksów cywilnych (austriackiego ABGB, niemieckiego BGB), które były stosowane na terenach, które obecnie należą do Republiki Czeskiej. Po powstaniu Czechosłowacji przygotowywano nowy kodeks cywilny, ale jego wprowadzenie uniemożliwił wybuch II wojny światowej. Celem tego kodeksu było nieznaczne zmienienie ABGB i kwarta falcydyjska nie została w nim uwzględniona. W czasach komunizmu ABGB zostało zastąpione przez nowy kodeks cywilny z 1950 r., który, w dość zaskakujący sposób, wprowadził regulacje zainspirowane kwarta falcydyjską, ale kwarta ta dotyczyła najwyższej możliwej kwoty legatów, poza tym natomiast legatariusza uznawano za dziedzica. Tzw. socjalistyczny kodeks cywilny z 1964 r. (obowiązujący do końca 2013 r.) znacznie uprościł regulacje dotyczące prawa spadkowego i wykluczył przysporzenia mortis causa inne niż testamentowe, w związku z czym wykluczone było jakiekolwiek uregulowanie kwarty falcydyjskiej. Kodeks cywilny z 2012 r., który wszedł w życie 1 stycznia 2014 r. jest pierwszym kodeksem na terytorium Republiki Czeskiej, który wprowadza kwartę falcydyjską w sposób zasadniczo zgodny z prawem rzymskim.
9
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EN
The author presents Tadeusz Czacki’s opinions regarding the architects of Roman law and those, who remained firmly under its influence, under its spell, and occupied themselves with reception of ius romanum by other legal systems. In the first part of his work, the author relates Czacki’s knowledge of Roman law, one of the most important characters of Polish life at the turn of 19th Century. The author points out that Czacki must have known the law of Romans very well, although this familiarity was rather formal instead of material. Czacki knew the sources of Roman law well, as well as its architects, although not without a few sad mistakes and imperfections. In the course of following sections, the author relates Czacki’s opinion regarding the sources of ius romanum, so the Law of Twelve Tables, many other Roman acts, then the Theodosian Code and the entire codification of Justinian. Opinions of creators of Roman law are also presented: emperors August, Theodosian, Justinian, and afterwards the author presents Czacki’s opinions about illustrious Roman jurists such as Papinian, Ulpian, Paulus and the great codificator Tribonian, the real creator of Justinian’s work. Czacki doesn’t spare many characters and presents negative opinions about them, of course with his great erudite skill. In the last part, the author presents Czacki’s knowledge of Polish law and its development in old Poland, beginning with the statutes of Casimir the Great and up to the efforts of codifying Polish law in the latter half of 18th Century. Because Czacki was not an enthusiast of Roman law’s influence on Polish law theories, he criticised many Polish lawyers of the Renessaince, who had suggested admitting that Roman law had at least auxilary influence on the development of Polish law, especially within town law. He quotes opinions regarding Ostrorog, Przyluski, Roisius and others. In the closing notes, the author remarks that even though Czacki is a follower the theory claiming Norman influence on Polish law, he starts to perceive, however small they were, influences Roman law had on Polish law.
EN
This article concerns the issues of invalid obligations ex stipulatione and the meaning of the Celsus phrase Impossibilium nulla obligatio est (D. 50,17,185) in Roman law. It presents in a polemic way two groups of the opinions, which can be found in the literature. The older theories adapt the civil law achievments to the ground of Roman law, what does not help to understand the concept of initial impossibility in Roman law. This research method is concentrate on the function of impossibility and does not indicate the reason of invalidity of the ex stipulatione obligations. At the same time it does not explain the meaning of the Celsus sentence. In the opposition there are in the newer literature an alternative theories to found, which analyse the invalid obligations ex stipulatione in relation to the concept of the valid formation of contract. According to these newer attempts the explanation of the meaning of the Celsus’ phrase seems to be more reliable.
EN
From this study, the reader will find out that the reception of the Roman Law, and especially of the old Roman Law (ius antiquum) – consisting of the utterances of Roman jurists about Law and its nature etc. – in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic space, went through a new phase during Justinian (527–565), who actually managed to master a part of the north-Danubian territory. Both the old “Law of the Land” and the “Nomocanons” (Pravila), which contain elements of Roman and Byzantine Law, and also of customary law, confirm that Justinian’s legislation – accompanied by comments by the great jurists of the time – was also disseminated in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic space.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dostarcza czytelnikowi wiadomości dotyczących recepcji prawa rzymskiego w rejonie karpacko-najdunajsko-pontyckim, a dokładnie mówiąc – dawnego prawa rzymskiego (ius antiquum), na podstawie wypowiedzi rzymskich jurystów o prawie, jego charakterze itp. Recepcja ta weszła w nową fazę podczas panowania Justyniana (527–565), któremu udało się opanować część terytorium na północ od Dunaju. Zarówno stare „Prawo ziemi”, jak i „nomokanony” (Pravila), które zawierają elementy prawa rzymskiego i bizantyjskiego, a także prawa zwyczajowego, potwierdzają, że ustawodawstwo Justyniana oraz towarzyszące mu komentarze wielkich prawników tamtego czasu były również rozpowszechniane w rejonie karpacko-najdunajsko-pontyckim.
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Doplňujúca prísaha v stredovekom kánonickom práve

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EN
The institution of the oath was applied in a historical form as well as at present in several contemporary legal systems creatively developed by canonists while practically applying the so-called Roman-Canonical procedure. From the chronological point of view, the most important was the period of High Middle Ages when it was elaborated in small details and when its types were standardized. The most frequently used were the so-called "supplementary oath" applied principally when the ecclesiastical court had at its disposition partial evidence or the presumption in favour of the party with the burden of evidence existed and it was impossible to meet the requested standard of full canonical proof. The main goal of this article is to point out the character of this type of oath in classical canon law including its practical application, not omitting its conceptual, especially Roman-law bases.
EN
The problem in the 5th controversia from the work of Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Elder, entitled Oratorum et rhetorum sententiae divisiones colores, is presented as follows: one man seduced two women during the same night. According to the law, which in the literature is referred to as lex raptarum, a woman who was kidnapped may choose between the death penalty for the ravisher or marrying him, but without giving him a dowry. Here, two women were granted the right of option and one of them demanded the death of the man, but the other wanted to marry him. The declaimers were trying to find an answer to the question: which solution is worthier to prevail? Since, in fact, the main problem raised in the controversia is the interpretation of law, it constituted quite a significant intellectual challenge. The declaimers employed very impressive legal reasoning techniques. This controversia constitutes then not only an interesting starting point to conduct the research on the borderline of law and declamation, but also might be a strong argument that the law and rhetoric, at least in some aspects, could have been complementary to each other.
ES
El objetivo de este trabajo es subrayar la pertinencia y relevancia del mantenimiento del Derecho Romano como asignatura esencial en los planes de estudios conducentes a la obtención del Grado en Derecho. Se trata de una asignatura propedéutica que permite al estudiante aprender, comprender y aprehender las bases del Derecho y de la correcta técnica para pensar jurídicamente. El Derecho Romano no sólo es el fundamento de los sistemas jurídicos continentales y latinoamericanos, sino que su método casuístico impregna también al sistema jurídico anglosajon. En esencia, se trata de una asignatura que proporciona las capacidades para poder llamar “juristas” y no “leguleyos” a aquellos que alcanzan el Grado en Derecho.
PL
Celem opracowania jest ukazanie znaczenia dla utrzymania prawa rzymskiego jako jednego z podstawowych przedmiotów w procesie współczesnego kształcenia prawniczego. Prawo rzymskie ma charakter propedeutyczny. Pozwala studentom na lepsze zrozumienie fundamentów współczesnego prawa oraz na opanowanie metod myślenia prawniczego. Prawo rzymskie nie jest tylko fundamentem kontynentalnego i południowoamerykańskiego systemu prawnego. Dzięki analizie kazusów prowadzonych przez jurysprudencję rzymską możliwe też jest zrozumienia istoty funkcjonowania systemu anglosaskiego. Prawo rzymskie pozwala też kształcić prawników posiadających nie tylko wiedzę, ale również i kulturę prawniczą.
EN
The aim of this paper is to highlight the pertinency and importancy of maintaining Roman Law as a fundamental subject in the studies leading to obtain a Law Degree. Roman Law is a propaedeutic subject that allows students to learn, understand and apprehend the basics of Law and to use a proper technique to think juridically. Roman law is not only the ground of Continental and Latin American legal systems, but their case method also permeates the Anglo-Saxon legal system. Essentially, it is a subject that provides the capabilities to be able to call “jurists” and not shysters those who obtain a Law Degree.
EN
The majority of contemporary modern institutions of secular law have their foundations in history. While with some of them we can fall back on recent history, others have a more than thousand-year-old existence, this being the case of betrothal. This institution emerged in ancient civilizations, yet its shape was tinged for a long time by the domination of Roman law in particular, which also incorporated in a later period certain elements of Greek law. In light of the fact that Roman law was, from the third decade of the fourth century after Christ, increasingly influenced by Christian conceptions, a number of attributions typical for canon law can be found in its contemporary form. The main goal of this article is to point out the legal-historical foundations of betrothal in Roman (partly German) and canon law and analyze their reflections and practical applications in Hungarian, Czechoslovakian and Slovak law. Particular attention is also paid to emphasizing the importance of this institution in historical as well as contemporary law and society.
Prawo
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2019
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issue 328
11 - 23
EN
The article is devoted to Justinian I’s Novel 139 entitled “Remission of the penalty for unlawful marriages”. The author presents the Greek text of the novel with his own translation and commentary. Issued between 535 and 536, the novel was the ruler’s response to a petition submitted to Florus, the comes sacrarum rerum privatarum, by the inhabitants of the village of Sindys as well as Jews from Tyre. They asked in it to be allowed to stay with their wives and for their children to be regarded as legitimate, and to be spared the sanctions for incest provided for in Justinian’s Novel 12. The emperor granted such one-off pardon provided that each of them paid ten pounds of gold.
DE
Der Artikel ist der 139. Novelle Justinians I. unter dem Titel „Strafbefreiung wegen illegaler Eheschließung“ gewidmet. Der Verfasser präsentiert in ihm den griechischen Text dieser Novelle sowie seine eigene Übersetzung mit Kommentar. Diese zwischen 535 und 536 herausgegebene Novelle ist die Antwort des Herrschers auf eine Bittschrift der Bewohner des Dorfes Syndys und der Juden aus Tyros. Sie baten in ihr, dass sie an der Seite der Gattinnen bleiben durften und ihre Kinder als rechtliche zu anerkennen, sowie dass sie von den Sanktionen wegen Blutschande, vorgesehen in der 12. Novelle Justinians, nicht betroffen werden. Der Kaiser akzeptierte einen einmaligen Gnadenakt unter der Bedingung der Bezahlung von 10 Pfund Gold von jedem von ihnen.
PL
Marceli Chlamtacz był jednym z przedstawicieli lwowskiej szkoły prawa rzymskiego przełomu XIX i XX w. W swej pracy naukowej zajmował się jednak nie tylko problematyką prawa rzymskiego – czy to rzeczowego, czy obligacyjnego. Nieobca była mu także prawna problematyka samorządu terytorialnego. W jego dorobku można znaleźć prace dotyczące sylwetek innych romanistów. Wywody M. Chlamtacza dotyczące A. Exnera, F. Hofmanna oraz L. Pinińskiego mają charakter wspomnień pośmiertnych. Prezentuje w nich sylwetki tychże uczonych, dokonując także oceny ich twórczości. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest nie tylko ukazanie poglądów M. Chlamtacza we wskazanym zakresie, ale również przypomnienie tych trzech – być może nieco zapomnianych – postaci funkcjonujących na naukowej arenie wieku XIX oraz początku wieku XX.
EN
Marceli Chlamtacz was a representative of the Lviv School of Roman Law of the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Given that in his academic work he concentrated not only on Roman law but also on issues related to local government, he can be labelled as a multimensional person. What is interesting, his academic legacy also includes papers on other Roman law experts. Chlamtacz’s works on A. Exner, F. Hofmann and L. Piniński have the character of posthumous reminiscences. In those, he also presents the silhouettes of said scholars and often evaluates their academic output. The objective of this paper is not only to present M. Chlamtacz’s views in the scope discussed here, but also to recall the three, somewhat forgotten, scholars who played quite a significant role in the academia of the 19th and early 20th century.
DE
In der Zwischenkriegszeit (1918-1939) ließ sich eine intensive Entwicklung der polnischen Universitäten beobachten, die mit der Wiedererlangung der Unabhängigkeit Polens ihre Blütezeit erlebten. Leider verfügten die Jurastudenten der Universität Warschau zunächst über kein geeignetes Lehrbuch für das römische Recht. Deshalb spielten die in den 1920er Jahren erschienenen Skripten und Repetitorien eine wichtige Rolle im Unterricht. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt einem anonymen Repetitorium für das römische Recht, das 1924 und 1925 in Warschau herausgegeben wurde und ausschließlich mit den Initialen J.L. unterzeichnet ist. Die Identität des Autors konnte nie festgestellt werden und einige Zeit lang war das anonyme Repetitorium die einzige Lernhilfe für die Warschauer Jurastudenten. Zweifellos konnten Repetitorien zweckmäßige Lehrbücher nicht ersetzen. Im Hinblick darauf, dass man jahrelang ohne entsprechendes Lehrwerk auskommen musste, stellt sich allerdings die Frage nach der tatsächlichen Rolle der Repetitorien als Lehrmaterialien in der Zwischenkriegszeit.
EN
The interwar period (1918-1939) was an intensive stage in the development of Polish universities. The resumption of the operation of Polish universities began with Poland’s regaining of political independence. Unfortunately, law students at the University of Warsaw initially had no proper Roman law textbook. For this reason, the lecture scripts (Pl. skrypt) and revision textbooks (Pl. repetytorium) that were being created as early as the 1920s played an important role in the process of teaching Roman law. Particularly noteworthy is an anonymous Roman law revision textbook published in Warsaw in 1924 and 1925, signed only with the initials J.L. The identity of its author has never been established, and for some time this was the only textbook available for law students in Warsaw. Admittedly, revision textbooks were a poor substitute for proper textbooks; however, due to prolonged lack of a Roman law textbook, the question arises as to their actual role in the interwar period.
PL
Okres międzywojenny (1918-1939) stanowił intensywny etap dla rozwoju polskich Uniwersytetów, a ich odrodzenie rozpoczęło się wraz z odzyskaniem niepodległości przez Polskę. Niestety studenci prawa na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim początkowo nie mieli do dyspozycji podręcznika z prawa rzymskiego. Dlatego powstające już w latach dwudziestych opracowania w formie skryptów i repetytoriów odegrały ważna rolę w procesie nauki prawa rzymskiego. Szczególną uwagę przykuwa anonimowe repetytorium z prawa rzymskiego wydane w Warszawie, w latach 1924 i 1925 podpisane zaledwie inicjałami J.L. Tożsamość autora nigdy nie została ustalona, a anonimowe opracowanie przez pewien okres stanowiło jedyne repetytorium z prawa rzymskiego przeznaczone dla warszawskich studentów prawa. Niewątpliwie repetytoria nie mogły stanowić substytutu podręcznika. Jednak ze względu na jego wieloletni brak, nasuwa się refleksja co do ich faktycznej roli jako materiałów dydaktycznych w okresie międzywojnia.
PL
Rzymska zasada prawnicza głosi: Semel heres, semper heres, jednak zrzeczenie się dziedziczenia jest jedną z niewielu instytucji prawa spadkowego, które nie były znane w prawie rzymskim. W życiu są sytuacje, w których spadkodawca chciałby pozbawić udziałów w dziedziczeniu osobę, z którą żyje w dobrych stosunkach. Gdy nie ma podstaw do wydziedziczenia dziecka, można spróbować, przekonać je do zrzeczenia się dziedziczenia. Tematem artykułu jest zrzeczenie się dziedziczenia w polskim porządku prawnym. Autor zbada poszczególne elementy tej umowy. Spory w nim wspomniane mogą stanowić asumpt do dyskusji na temat potrzeby zmian w aktach normatywnych dotyczących problematyki badawczej.
EN
ccording to the Roman legal principle: “Semel heres semper heres”. However, the renunciation of inheritance is one of the few institutions of inheritance law, which were not known in Roman law. There are situations in life in which the testator would like to deprive the shares in the inheritance a person with whom he lives in the best possible relations. When there are no grounds for disinheritance of the child, you can try to persuade them to renounce their inheritance. This article is about renunciation of inheritance in Polish legal order. The author will examine in this article the individual elements constructing this agreement. Disputes outlined in considerations may be helped for a discussion on the need for changes in normative regulations on research issues.
PL
W ostatnich latach prawo rzymskie przeżywa ogromny renesans w Chinach, w perspektywie, na pierwszy rzut oka paradoksalnej, możliwości dostosowania antycznego systemu prawnego do prawa współczesnego w obliczu wyzwań stawianych przez rozwój ekonomiczny. Również w redakcji ustawy o prawach rzeczowych z 2007 r., mającej prawdopodobnie większe znaczenie na obszarze prawa prywatnego, wpływ prawa rzymskie jest bardzo duży; np. m.in. zaczerpnięcie zasady numerus clausus praw rzeczowych, możliwość ustanowienia kilku zastawów hipotecznych i przepis o zaspokajaniu wierzycieli w kolejności zgodnej z chronologią rejestracji hipotek (prior tempore, potior iure). Zakładając, że obszar kulturowy, w którym rozwijało się prawo rzymskie, poddany był, przynajmniej w części, wpływom prawa greckiego i że, w gruncie rzeczy, pewne podstawy rzymskich zasad, jakkolwiek zinstytucjonalizowane w tym kontekście prawnym miały swoje początki w unormowaniach w swej istocie obowiązujących już w świecie greckim, w prezentowanym artykule przeważa pogląd, że w optyce zorientowanej na zysk ekonomiczny, grecka kultura prawna, równolegle z tą rzymską, może zainspirować współczesne Chiny do interpretacji i do analizy tworzonego w nich prawa, również de iure condendo.
EN
In the last years Roman Law has been experimenting with a new era of rediscovery in China. The (only apparently paradoxical) idea is that an ancient legal system might be used as a tool able to make a modern legal system adequate to face the most complex challenges of the economic development. The drafting itself of the (probably) most important law enacted in China in the field of private law in recent years, the Real Rights Law of 2007, shows a deep imprint of Roman Law: such an approach is exemplified, among others, by the adoption of the principle of the closed number (numerus clausus) of real rights, the possibility of multiple hypothecation and the specific modalities provided for the satisfaction of creditors depending on their order of registration (prior tempore, potior iure). Based on the premise that the cultural milieu in which Roman Law developed was at least partially influenced by Greek Law, and that, after all, specific fundamental principles of Roman Law, although institutionalized in such juridical context, find their origin in rules which had already existed in the Greek world, this paper supports the idea that, under a business perspective, Greek legal culture, besides the Roman one, may offer to China some interpretational and analytic cues, even de iure condendo, of great modernity.
DE
In den letzten Jahren hat das Römische Recht eine neue Wiedergeburt in China erlebt. Grund dafür ist der - nur vordergründig paradoxe - Versuch, ein antikes Rechtssystem anzuwenden, um das moderne Recht für die komplexesten Herausforderungen der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung tauglich zu machen. Auch bei der Abfassung der im Bereich des Privatrechts wahrscheinlich wichtigsten Rechtsnorm Chinas, des Gesetzes über das Sachenrecht aus dem Jahr 2007, ist die Prägung durch das Römische Recht klar erkennbar: man sieht dies zum Beispiel an der Einführung einer beschränkten Zahl dinglicher Rechte (Numerus-clausus-Prinzip), an der Möglichkeit einer Mehrfachhypothek, sowie an der Einführung des Prioritätsprinzips bei der Befriedigung der Gläubiger auf Basis der Rangordnung ihrer Registrierungen (prior tempore, potior iure). Vorausgeschickt, dass das kulturelle Umfeld, auf welchem sich das Römische Recht entwickelte, zumindest teilweise vom Griechischen Recht beeinflusst wurde, und dass im Grunde einige wesentliche Prinzipien des Römischen Rechts, obwohl erst in diesem Kontext institutionalisiert, ihren Ursprung aus bereits in der griechischen Welt gültigen Regeln ziehen, wird in diesem Artikel die Auffassung vertreten, dass – unter einem businessorientierten Gesichtspunkt – die griechische und römische Rechtskultur für China modernste interpretative und analytische Ansätze – auch de iure condendo – liefern kann.
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