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XX
Podkreślono, że podstawowym celem rozwoju gospodarczego powinien być szeroko rozumiany rozwój społeczny. Omówiono międzynarodowe przedsięwzięcia w zakresie podniesienia rangi rozwoju społecznego oraz próby jego oceny dla potrzeb porównań międzynarodowych. Przybliżono dorobek konferencji "Statystyka, rozwój, prawa człowieka", która odbyła się we wrześniu 2000 r. w Montreux (Szwajcaria).
EN
The article is devoted to the role of human factor in social development of the region. The human factor has a special meaning for the Nadodrze, because of the uniqueness and distinctiveness of the series of population processes taking place in this area in the years 1946-2035, as well as changing at this time spatial arrangement of Nadodrze voivodships. The particular importance in the construction of social objectives in strategies development (ammendment) for individual regions should have their demographic profiles so the empirical picture of the social situation appropriately enhanced could become the basis for diagnosis, without which the process of economic and social changes can not be properly defined.
EN
The article addresses selected issues of inequality that take place in the modern world. The author points out that the widening of inequalities could adversely affect the chances of social development at a global, regional, and national extent. It focuses on inequalities arising from the measurement obtained by using the new indicators such as the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) and Gender Inequality Index - GII, as well as inequalities in income, derived based on the ratio Gini. Author indicates the various, possible consequences of growing inequalities.
EN
Development is a category characterised by dynamism and includes not only a quantitative, but also a qualitative element. This is a process of multiplying the number of possible choices to be made by every human being. The following three factors play a fundamental role on all levels of development: providing conditions which enable long and healthy life, a full access to information, and an access to means allowing for decent standard of living. It is of crucial importance to diagnose the socio-economic, endogenous, and exogenous factors of the regional development. The following are the most important characteristics of decentralised development: good use of local resources (related to raw materials and to human resources), development based on continuation (on tradition), social bonds. However, it is difficult to unambiguously specify the above-mentioned factors, for they operate simultaneously (not with the same impact, however). The effort of the regional community's members is of extreme importance in the development of almost every region. Since the level, speed, and structure of the regional development always results from human talents, knowledge, foresight, enterprise, initiative, and own expenditures to improve living conditions. Thus, the factor called "human capital" plays a fundamental role in the development of modern society and economy. This study will constitute an analysis of the issues from the regional perspective, i.e. of Lower Silesia Voivodeship
EN
Human development is defined as the development enabling an enlargement of people’s choices to live valuable life. Human Development Index measures progress in this area. It evaluates achievements in three dimensions: long and healthy life, knowledge and decent standard of living. Sub-Saharan Africa is the low-income region with the majority of its population living in extreme poverty. Preconditions for the substantial progress in human development are less favourable there than in other developing regions. Although some achievements have been reached since the beginning of the 21st century, they are less unambiguous if they are compared with other regions. The aim of this paper is to identify and assess the progress in human development in Sub-Saharan Africa in comparison with selected developing regions within the 2000-2015 period. Conclusions of the paper are based on a review of relevant scientific and statistical sources, as well as on own statistical analysis.
PL
Rozwój społeczny definiuje się jako rozwój umożliwiający poszerzenie dostępnych ludziom wyborów pozwalających na przeżycie wartościowego życia. Wskaźnik Rozwoju Społecznego mierzy postęp w tej dziedzinie, ocenia osiągnięcia w trzech wymiarach: długie i zdrowe życie, wiedza i dostatni standard życia. Afryka Subsaharyjska to region o niskich dochodach, w którym większość ludności żyje w skrajnym ubóstwie. Warunki wstępne dla istotnego postępu w rozwoju społecznym są tam mniej korzystne niż w innych regionach rozwijających się. Chociaż wiele w tej kwestii zostało osiągnięte od początku XXI wieku, to rezultaty nie są jednoznaczne, zwłaszcza jeśli porównuje się je z innymi regionami. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i ocena postępu w rozwoju społecznym w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej w porównaniu z wybranymi regionami rozwijającymi się w latach 2000-2015. Wnioski artykułu są wynikiem przeglądu odpowiednich źródeł naukowych i statystycznych, a także przeprowadzonej własnej analizy statystycznej.
EN
The intent of this article is to provide a description and analysis of the policies and initiatives of the various trade unions in selected European countries during the ongoing economic recession which resulting from the financial crisis of 2007 and how these circumstances have affected social and economic development in Europe. The causes as well as the effects of the current crisis are identified and explained. Based on the examples of several European countries, the relationship between the trade unions and government have been described and explained. This paper also outlines the actual impact of trade unions on the acceptance or rejection of the reforms implemented by the government intended to repair and strengthen the economy leading to its subsequent re-development and stimulating future economic growth.
EN
Research which was done in the past by UN and Polish Statistical Central Office pointed out the future changing in the structure of population in Poland. Projection for social politic is not independent of including of the level of this future changing. Logistic support in some endogenic and exogenic processes in public life organization, found for society or organization non-profit is now day essential. We describe new and very important area for research.
XX
Badania porównawcze między państwami są powszechnie spotykane w ekonomii, historii czy geografii. Polegają one na analizie wskaźników opisujących gospodarkę, społeczeństwo czy środowisko, często przy tym prowadzą do grupowań krajów według poziomu rozwoju rozpatrywanego według rozmaitych kryteriów. Polska w tych porównaniach plasuje się na ogół w grupie państw o średnim poziomie rozwoju, za bogatymi krajami Europy Zachodniej, Ameryki Północnej, Azji Wschodniej czy Oceanii. Stwierdzenie, że nasz kraj był i nadal jest słabiej rozwinięty od szeroko pojmowanego Zachodu stanowi truizm. Nasuwa się jednak pytanie, jak zmieniał się ten cywilizacyjny dystans do światowej czołówki w długiej perspektywie czasowej. Artykuł jest próbą jego określenia na podstawie danych od uzyskania przez Polskę niepodległości aż do współczesności. (fragment tekstu)
EN
The purpose of this article is to anticipate how the development gap between Poland and rich Western countries changed from gaining independence up today. Six indicators were analyzed: GDP per capita, male and female life expectancy, infant mortality, passenger cars and telephone subscribers per 100 persons. After collecting historical data for 25 developed countries the Author calculated when (how many years earlier) did those states achieved a defined indicator value for Poland. The results show that during the interwar period the backwardness of Poland increased. After the war it was steadily decreasing until mid-1960s, only to rise again to an all-time high in late 1980s/early 1990s. During the last 20 years the gap between Poland and the West was substantially reduced. (original abstract)
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