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1

O PRÁVNOM SYSTÉME

100%
Bárány E.
Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)
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2015
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vol. 98
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issue 4
321 – 337
EN
It is usual to write about law as a system. The systemacity of the law means only a modicum of orderliness and a network of legal norms as basic elements of legal system. There is always a degree of contradiction and/or a tension between legal norms, legal principles and other elements of the legal system. This tension and/or contradiction are characteristic and system creating relationship between elements of Manual system. Legal system is not an axiomatic one for many reasons. It is full of unavailable tensions and contradictions. It is a social normative system determined by society. The elementary unit connecting legal system and social system is legal regulation of great amount of social acts and consequently of social relations, which acquire quality of legal relations. It is also an information (sub) system. Law always strives for an order, but only with a moderate success. It is an open cognitively and operationally open system.
2

DŮCHODOVÉ SYSTÉMY V ZÁPADNí EVROPĚ

100%
Loužek M.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 8
772-787
EN
The paper is concerned with pension systems in Western Europe. It discusses pension systems in Germany, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom. All these countries are welfare states, but their concrete parameters differ. Although the European Union does not recommend any concrete model of pension system, some tendencies are similar. All countries seek to save money. Most of them strengthen the principle of equivalence.
3
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Od społeczeństwa drugiego obiegu do społeczeństwa obywatelskiego

100%
Marody M.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2011
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issue 1(200)
483-500
EN
Taking as a starting point the concept of 'second society' understood as a system of informal rules organizing social life under real socialism, the author analyzes the processes of systemic transformation from the point of view their outcomes for civil society emergence. The first part of the article is devoted to the reconstruction of informal institutional structures which seem characteristic for the 'second society'. The second part deals with most crucial aspects for the formation of civil society as a system. These are processes undergoing in the sphere of economic interests, their political representations and in the sphere of symbolic representations. Key words: civil society; social system; social structure; second society.
4

TRADITION: CONCEPTUALIZATION AND DIRECTIONS OF STUDYING (Tradytsia: kontseptualizatsia ta napriamy vyvchennia)

88%
Svezhentseva Y., Proskuryakova O.
Sotsiolohiia: teoriia, metody, marketyng (Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing)
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2010
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issue 2
142-153
EN
Conceptualization of tradition that would open the possibility to comprehend it using classical and contemporary sociological theories is an urgent necessity in contemporary social sciences. The authoresses propose to consider a tradition as a steady group stereotype of social action that exists in social systems during long period of time and has socio-cultural mechanism of transmission from one generation to another. Conceptualization of tradition as a stereotype of social action opens the possibility to study this phenomenon both as a social action and as a component of social knowledge. The authoresses use the statements of the social action theories (M. Weber, T. Parsons) in order to build an ideal type model of traditional action. The ideal types of traditional and purposive actions are the poles of the continuum of the real traditional actions which places in such continuum (on such a scale) depend on a stage of their development or destruction. They apply sociology of knowledge ideas to analysis of tradition emergence and development in a social system. Hypothesis for tradition genesis as similar to establishment of paradigm is grounded in the article. The main factors that determine evolutionary or revolutionary character of tradition development are revealed.
5

SYSTEM COMMUNICATION IN MULTICENTRE WORLD (WHAT LUHMANN SYSTEMS THEORY DECLARES) (Systemova komunikace v multicentrickem svete (O cem vypovida Luhmannova systemova teorie))

88%
Subrt J., Pincova B.
Communication Today
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2011
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vol. 2
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issue 2
6-18
EN
The paper deals with the problems of communication as they are analyzed in the framework of the systems theory of Niklas Luhmann. For Luhmann, modern society is functionally differentiated society, i.e. it is composed of heterogeneous but equal parts which are relatively independent in nature and which are denoted as partial social systems, i.e. sub-systems. The condition necessary for the existence of social systems is communication, and to ensure this, the systems create social mechanisms - the media- whose purpose is to stabilize the communication processes. In social development, there have been differentiated media sub-systems communications, which Luhmann regards as symbolically generalized media. Luhmann's analysis presents contemporary society as a whole differentiated into functionally dependent yet autonomous sub-systems that constitute neighbouring worlds for each other. On the basis of its observations of society, each sub-system generates its own image and thus instead of a centrally conceived world a multicentre world emerges.
6

Interaction of body and self-awareness in competitive sports

75%
Bodnar I.
Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)
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2008
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vol. 18
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issue 2
131-145
EN
One of the recurring events when conducting life-interviews with women trainers is their confrontation with the fact that their physique does not correspond to the body-frame considered to be ideal in their respective sports disciplines. Since they can only preserve their athletic identity with the help of their physique, the course of their careers depends on the solution they find to this problem. The study presents this decision-making situation using the systems theory of Luhmann: as the environmental interaction between a neurophysiological (the body), a psychical (the identity of women trainers) and a social (sports) system. It looks upon this situation as being a communication between female athletes and competitive sports as a social system, in which observation is accorded an outstanding role. Assuming the role of an observer, female athletes see the series of movements and solutions that their trainer does not recognize. Instead of physical perfection, they develop the individual perfection of movement execution.
7

Chłopi w Polsce piastowskiej przed kolonizacją na prawie niemieckim jako problem historiograficzny

75%
Gawlas S.
Roczniki Historyczne
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2012
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vol. 78
7-50
EN
The article contains an analysis of historiographic conditions of the development of research on the history of peasants in the 11th and 12th c. Because of very the limited number of Polish sources for that period, such studies depend largely on general notions about the social system and state organization. The author concentrates on deconstructing the assumptions of the discussion between Karol Buczek and Karol Modzelewski which is the most authoritative for the present state of knowledge. He shows how excessive application of the retrogressive method is abused. He also stresses the importance of adaptations from the Western Latin world which appeared in Poland in the 12th c., new patterns of state organization – including the concept of regalia and of higher jurisdiction as the prerogative of the monarch. The author questions real existence of serving organization in Poland. Settlements with such names are believed to be remnants of the organization of large land estates, the importance and organisational forms of which should be illuminated by future research. The development of large land estates created – according to the author – the framework for the appearance of peasants as a distinct social class.
8
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K modelu středověkého panovnického dvora jako sociálního systému

51%
Dvorackova D.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2009
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vol. 107
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issue 2
309-335
EN
This study is a result of research devoted to the ruling court in the Middle Ages. Individual examples portray the ruling court of King Wenceslas II. (1283-1305). Here, the court is introduced as a social system, which is reflected in individual personalities, in the structure, representation and space. The social system and its fundamental features: structural-organizational elements and interaction, which form the basis of any social system, are emphasised as the only possible paradigmatic levels when forming a model definition describing a medieval court, which otherwise changes in time and space. In addition, different manifestations are displayed during the reign of each ruler following from the subjective approach of that ruler. Terminological terms familia, curia minor and major are analysed, as well as their use in historical sources. The second part is devoted to the mechanisms of communication, which the ruler's favours mediate at court. Benefit or profit for courtiers, and the ruler as well, are judged to be joint factors in all the activities at a ruling court.
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