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1

The pragmatics of replies to compliments: Data on the manifestation of the principle of modesty in Hungarian

100%
Szili K.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2004
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vol. 128
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issue 3
265-285
EN
This paper, sociopragmatic in nature, undertakes three tasks by the help of a linguistic corpus elicited from 170 subjects with a discourse completion test. First, it defines the strategies of replying to compliments of the Hungarian linguistic community. Then, it broadens its theoretical perspective and investigates the individual strategies in the light of Leech's maxims of politeness. The conclusions the authoress draws serve as a starting point to her third objective of exploring the cultural properties of replies to compliments. In particular, she wishes to find out if the norms directing the execution of speech acts of that kind in the community of Hungarian speakers rely on the principle of mutual understanding as in Western cultures or rather on the principle of modesty as preferred in Oriental cultures.
2

FACE AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

100%
Jakubowska E.
Linguistica Silesiana
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2007
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vol. 28
243-248
EN
The subject of this paper is the nonverbal realization of selected polite 'speech' acts. The aim of this paper is to analyse nonverbal facework strategies observed in Polish culture. The main theoretical assumptions of the two theories, Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness and Ting-Toomey's face-negotiation theory, serve as a theoretical framework for the analysis.
3
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Co je řečnická otázka?

100%
Mrazkova K.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2010
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vol. 71
|
issue 1
31-53
EN
The article summarizes various definitions of the so-called rhetorical question from the ancient rhetoric to the contemporary modern linguistic theories, in particular it is interested in the treatment of this phenomenon in the Speech Act Theory (known as the communicative function of the utterance in Czech linguistics) and in Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis. Despite being a very common means of communication in various speech genres, the rhetorical question has not received much attention to in linguistics literature, and its definitions vary considerably. The aim of the study is to find a definition of the rhetorical question which is applicable to the analyses of dialogue, particularly to the analysis of TV talk shows and political debates. Contrary to the commonly-held opinion, which is also reflected in much of the literature, the study shows that there could be answers to rhetorical questions in a dialogue, and, in fact, an answer could even be required by the dialogue participants. The understanding of an utterance as a rhetorical question depends on the knowledge the communicative partners share. But their presuppositions about the world could differ, hence varying reactions to a 'would be' rhetorical question may occur in a dialogue.
4

CONCLUSIONS OF PRACTICAL ARGUMENT: A SPEECH ACT ANALYSIS

100%
Lewiński M.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2021
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vol. 28
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issue 2
420 – 457
EN
Conclusions of theoretical reasoning are assertions—or at least speech acts belonging to the class of assertives, such as hypotheses, predictions or estimates. What, however, are the conclusions of practical reasoning? Employing the concepts of speech act theory, in this paper I investigate which speech acts we perform when we’re done with an instance of a practical argument and present its result in a linguistic form. To this end, I first offer a detailed scheme of practical argument suitable for an external pragmatic account (rather than an internal cognitive account). Resorting to actual examples, I identify a class of action inducing speech acts as characteristic conclusions of practical argument. I argue that these speech acts—promises, orders, pieces of advice, proposals, and others—differ chiefly depending on the agent of the action induced (me, us, you, them) and their illocutionary strength.
5

DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL LINGUISTICS (Actos de habla directivos desde una perspectiva intercultural)

100%
Nowakowska-Gluszak A.
|
2010
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vol. 57
|
issue 2
235-240
EN
The present article discusses problems that arise while interpretation speech acts such as requests in Spanish and Polish. The analytical perspective of cultural linguistics allows the authoress to demonstrate that some elements of language change their meaning in specific communicative situations, which, as a consequence, may lead to intercultural misunderstanding. This is the case of the imperatives and questions used as requests. Analyzing possible ways of translating into Polish this kind of phrases in Spanish, she is able to demonstrate that both languages differ in the way they conceptualize such linguistic phenomena as politeness.
6
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Pojęcie wartości I celu nauki w świetle teorii aktów mowy Jurgena Habermasa

88%
Michalska A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2011
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vol. 47
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issue 3(189)
373-391
EN
In the paper it is argued that, in order to explicate the concept of the aim and value of science from the standpoint of Habermas’s theory of speech acts (the theory of communicative action or universal pragmatics), one is required to take up the position of moderate realism. The theory implies that even though science serves many different purposes and might be harnessed to realise diverse values, it must be seen as subordinated to the highest-level principle, which, in certain contexts, should be comprehended as the chief cognitive value. And since, as I demonstrate later on, universal pragmatics formally corresponds to the reticulated model of scientific justification as put forth by Laudan in his Science and Values but, at the same time, is much more deeply rooted philosophically, the result obtained is important on the part of philosophy of science and purports to offer a new paradigm of analysis.
7

QUESTION FIGURES IN TEACHERS' SPEECH I.

88%
Antalne-Szabo A.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2005
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vol. 129
|
issue 2
173-185
EN
The subject matter of this paper is a stylistic/rhetorical analysis of teachers' speech. The material investigated consists of acoustic and visual recordings of 50 videotaped school classes and their transcriptions. The main topic of the present paper is the set of teachers' utterances that have an interrogative form but are not real questions: neither questions that ask for information nor elicitation questions that are asked for pedagogical reasons. The author's aim is to find out what speech acts are embodied in such formally interrogative utterances and what grammatical forms are characteristic of them. She also discusses basic problems like what general features characterise in-class discourse or to what extent it is possible to delimit figures of speech in live text recordings, within context, at the discourse level. She also points out, on the basis of cognitive linguistic research and results in conversation analysis, the extent to which a reinterpretation of the classical stylistic/rhetoric tradition is called for. Her claims are also supported by results of other empirical investigations based on recorded school classes.
8
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Problemy wartościowania w języku i w tekście

88%
Puzynina J.
Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury
|
2004
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vol. 16
179-190
PL
Autorka stawia pytanie o to, jak się przejawia wartościowanie w systemie językowym i w tekście. Twierdzi, że wartościowanie zawsze dokonuje się w wypowiedziach, czyli tworzonych tekstach. Podmiotami wartościowań tekstowych są autorzy konkretnych tekstów, podmiotami skonwencjonalizowanych wartościowań kodowych – mniejsze lub większe społeczności. Przedmiotem wartościowania jest cała otaczająca rzeczywistość oraz możliwe światy, pojawiające się w świadomości człowieka, człowiek bowiem wartościuje samego siebie, swoje możliwości, przymioty, poczynania. Podstawą sądów wartościujących są zdania z kwantyfikatorem ogólnym (typu X jest czymś cennym/złym), nazywane zasadami wartości. W akcie komunikacji jednostka może dokonywać połączenia norm należących do różnych systemów wartości, może też zapożyczać zasady od indywidualnych autorytetów, może tworzyć własne. W tekstach obecne są: (a) wartościowania podmiotu mówiącego (autora tekstu), w poezji – też podmiotu lirycznego, w prozie narracyjnej – narratora, (b) wartościowania bohaterów literackich oraz (c) wartościowania relacjonowane w mowie niezależnej lub zależnej. Wartościowania tekstowe pojawiają się w różnych aktach mowy, w różnych modalnościach. Często w tekstach dochodzi do wartościowań ukrytych w presupozycjach. Wartościowaniu służą różne jednostki kodu językowego: wyrazy (dobry, zły; ładny, brzydki; ojczyzna, matka), związki frazeologiczne (coś jest do kitu, coś jest wysokiej klasy), konstrukcje słowotwórcze (romansidło, artykulisko), formy fleksyjne (ministry, profesory), konstrukcje składniowe (dzięki komuś; kosztem kogoś/czegoś) i środki fonologiczne (np. intonacja). Wartościowania występują w tekstach o różnych funkcjach. Są ważnym elementem identyfikacji grupowej.
EN
The article deals with the problem of the linguistic and textual manifestations of valuation. A claim is made that it is always realized in utterances, i.e. texts. The subjects of textual valuations are the authors of the texts, whereas the subjects of conventionalized coded valuations are communities of different sizes. The object of valuation is the whole reality and possible worlds arising in people's consciousness. People tend to valuate themselves, their own abilities, traits and actions. The basis for valuating judgments are sentences, treated as the principles of values, which include the general quantifier (of the type 'X is something valuable/bad'). In the communicative act, the speaker/hearer can combine norms from different systems of values, borrow principles from individual authorities or create one's own. In texts, one finds the presence of: a) value judgments coming from the speaking subject (the author of the text), in poetry - of the lyrical 'I', in narrative prose – of the narrator; b) judgments from the protagonists and other literary frgures, c) judgments expressed in direct or indirect speech. Textual valuation appears in various speech acts and modalities. Valuation often takes place in hidden presuppositions. It can be achieved through various units of the linguistic code: words: 'dobry' (good), 'zly' (bad), 'ladny' (nice), 'brzydki' (ugly), 'ojczyzna' (homeland); phraseological units: 'cos jest do kitu' (sth is worth nothing), 'cos jest wysokiej klasy' (sth is of high class); word-formational constructions: 'romansidlo' (mawkish love story), 'artykulisko' (a huge article); inflectional forms 'ministry' (ministers), 'profesory' (professors); syntactic constructions: 'dzieki komus' (thanks to sb), 'kosztem kogos/czegos' (at the expense of sb/sth) and phonological features (e.g. intonation). Valuation occurs in texts with various functions; it constitutes an important aspect of group identity.
9

DEROGATORY FORCE AND THE OFFENSIVENESS OF SLURS

88%
Liu C.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
|
2021
|
vol. 28
|
issue 3
626 – 649
EN
Slurs are both derogatory and offensive, and they are said to exhibit “derogatory force” and “offensiveness.” Almost all theories of slurs, except the truth-conditional content theory and the invocational content theory conflate these two features and use “derogatory force” and “offensiveness” interchangeably. This paper defends and explains the distinction between slurs’ derogatory force and offensiveness by fulfilling three goals. First, it distinguishes between slurs’ being derogatory and their being offensive with four arguments. For instance, ‘Monday’, a slur in the Bostonian argot, is used to secretly derogate African Americans without causing offense. Secondly, this paper points out that many theories of slurs run into problems because they conflate derogatory force with offensiveness. For example, the prohibition theory’s account of offensiveness in terms of prohibitions struggles to explain why ‘Monday’ is derogatory when it is not a prohibited word in English. Third, this paper offers a new explanation of this distinction from the perspective of a speech act theory of slurs; derogatory force is different from offensiveness because they arise from two different kinds of speech acts that slurs are used to perform, i.e., the illocutionary act of derogation and the perlocutionary act of offending. This new explanation avoids the problems faced by other theories.
10

QUESTION FIGURES IN TEACHERS' SPEECH II.

88%
Antalne-Szabo A.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2005
|
vol. 129
|
issue 3
319-337
EN
The subject-matter of this paper is a stylistic/rhetorical analysis of teachers' speech. The material investigated consists of acoustic and visual recordings of 50 videotaped school classes and their transcriptions. The main topic of the present paper is the set of teachers' utterances that have an interrogative form but are not real questions: neither questions that ask for information nor elicitation questions that are asked for pedagogical reasons. The author's aim is to find out what speech acts are embodied in such formally interrogative utterances and what grammatical forms are characteristic of them. She also discusses basic problems like what general features characterise in-class discourse or to what extent it is possible to delimit figures of speech in live text recordings, within context, at the discourse level. She also points out, on the basis of cognitive linguistic research and results in conversation analysis, the extent to which a reinterpretation of the classical stylistic/rhetoric tradition is called for. Her claims are also supported by results of other empirical investigations based on recorded school classes.
11
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Ostrzeżenia i zakazy jako napisy miejskie w słowniku dwujęzycznym polsko-czeskim

88%
Charciarek A.
Bohemistyka
|
2012
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vol. 12
|
issue 1
5-34
EN
This article is an attempt to indicate groups of lexical units omitted in bilingual Polish-Czech and Czech-Polish dictionaries. One of the groups is made up of the presented public notices i.e. warnings and bans constituting vital elements of the contemporary reality which they describe and provide language users with important information. The public notices analyzed in the article include fixed minitexts which are neglected in a bilingual dictionary and makes it impossible for a language user to find appropriate foreign counterparts. The article also contributes to the author’s considerations related to theoretical and practical issues connected with notation of public notices: methods of creating their dictionary entries, their graphical notation, application of relevant qualifiers, etc.
12
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TROJÍ STRATEGIE A TROJÍ VÍRA: FILOZOFIE, LITERATURA A LITERÁRNÍ VĚDA

75%
Papoušek V.
World Literature Studies
|
2018
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vol. 10
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issue 2
3 – 13
EN
The present study examines the relation between philosophy, literature and criticism/theory from the viewpoint of a text’s intention and function, its institutional character (the way it is framed) and paradigms as a set of constitutional rules and values. Rather than trying to find stable criteria, the author focuses his attention on the act of “becoming”, i. e. the way in which a text becomes a text of literature or philosophy, and, consequently, the way in which these texts are historically negotiated by communities of recipients, creators and users of specific discourses. In his conclusion, the author emphasises that it is not possible to define an absolute distinction between various discourses and that the inclusion of a particular work within a certain discourse is the result of historical negotiation.
13

PRAGMATICKÉ ASPEKTY SLOVENČINY CEZ PRIZMU JEJ FRANKOFÓNNEHO POUŽÍVATEĽA

75%
Ráčková L.
Motus in verbo: časopis mladej vedeckej generácie
|
2016
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vol. 5
|
issue 1
29 – 34
EN
The article presents the results of the pre-research of the future thesis Linguistic interference of Slovak and French languages by Francophone speaker with a partial competence in Slovak language from a pragmatic point of view. The pre-research was realised by means of a survey conducted from 04/08/2015 to 03/11/2015. The survey involved questions of sociolinguistic character but also exercises testing grammar of 63 respondents of levels A1, A2, B1 and B2 in Slovak language. The influence of French language on Slovak syntactic constructions was observed particularly in verbal system of Slovak language. That is also why we introduced the term of verbal interference. A negative transfer from French verbal system is found in Slovak sentences produced by Francophone learners. The theory of speech acts is associated to the verb and also the theory of intention of verbal action which are explained in the text.
14

Speech-act adverbs in English and Polish: a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural comparison

75%
Rozumko R.
Białostockie Archiwum Językowe
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2012
|
issue 12
183-196
EN
Speech-act adverbs constitute one of the categories of epistemic expressions. There is considerabl terminological confusion regarding epistemic adverbs, speech-act adverbs included. The present study uses the classification proposed by Simon-Vandenbergen and Aijmer (2007), who define speech-act adverbs as those which refer to speech acts which could potentially be used to support the speaker’s opinion or raise voices against his/her point of view, e.g. admittedly, arguably, indisputably, unarguably, unquestionably, undeniably. The aim of this study is to identify Polish equivalents of such adverbs, and analyze the cross-cultural significance of the differences between the ranges and uses of speech-act adverbs in the two languages.
15
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„Vícehlasí“ v českých lidových písních: několik textovělingvistických sond do jejich textury

51%
Daneš F.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2012
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vol. 73
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issue 4
312-324
EN
This paper demonstrates the mutual relations between the various “voices” in Czech folk songs and the way in which these voices can be identified. The introductory section characterizes the specific features of the songs: the concision and condensation of their structure, as well as their emotionality of expression. The second section is devoted to the analysis of a selected corpus of folk songs from the perspective of heteroglossia. Their texture appears as a net of relations and functions which operate on different levels, stand in mutual complementarity, partly overlapping, and show differing relevance. Using methods of text linguistics, the author concentrates on two relations and functions – speech acts and compositional functions – as well as personal attitudes. The analysis focuses on utterances with the communicative function of appeal, i.e. on the interrogative and addressing turns which are quite frequent in Czech folk songs, on their interactive structure and modes of direct and indirect speech. The author shows that the song genre has two faces: it is a compact combination of verbal text and its musical part (the tune) which may appear to be uneven in their mutual relations. The last section deals with the phenomenon of intertextuality in the song structure.
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