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Ruch spółdzielczy

100%

Wojciechowski S.

Pieniądze i Więź

2016

vol. 19

issue 2(71)

32-69

W kolejnej (39) części Biblioteki Myśli Spółdzielczej przypominamy fragmenty książki prof. Stanisława Wojciechowskiego pt. Ruch spółdzielczy z 1930 roku, dotyczące powstania i rozwoju dwóch typów spółdzielczych kas kredytowych: banków ludowych czyli spółdzielni powszechnych – zakładanych od 1850 r. przez Hermanna Schulzego z Delitzsch [właśc. Franz Hermann Schulze, 1808 – 1883] oraz wiejskich kas oszczędności i pożyczek – zakładanych od 1862 r. przez Friedricha Wilhelma Raiffeisena [1818 – 1888]. Organizacje spółdzielcze odwołujące się do tych koncepcji organizacyjnych i ideowych (miejski bank Schulzego jako przykład ideologii liberalnej, samopomocy drobnych „kapitalistów” wykonujących różne zawody; wiejska mała kasa finansowa opierająca swe działanie na pracy społecznej, wzajemnych zaufaniu i solidarności członków oraz chrześcijańskiej idei braterstwa) szybko rozwinęły się w całej Europie i świecie, wpływając zasadniczo także na polską spółdzielczość kredytową.

In the next (39th) part of the Cooperative Thought Library we remind excerpts from the professor Stanislaw Wojciechowski’s book entitled The cooperative movement published in 1930, about the creation and development of two types of cooperative credit unions: folk banks or common cooperatives – established since 1850 by Hermann Schulze from Delitzsch [actually: Franz Hermann Schulze, 1808-1883], and the rural savings and loan associations – established since 1862 by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen [1818-1888]. Cooperative organizations referring to these organizational and ideological concepts (Schulze’s municipal bank as an example of liberal ideology, self-help of minor "capitalists" of various occupations; small rural financial union basing its operation on the social work, mutual trust and solidarity of members and the Christian idea of brotherhood) quickly developed throughout Europe and the world, affecting significantly also the Polish credit cooperatives.

Locus Amoenus: A Lexicon of Contrasts in Adam und Evelyn

89%

Canestrella S.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

2021

issue 12

25-34

In literary history the locus amoenus has often had the function of purifying and revitalizing the soul of its dwellers by way of contact with idyllic nature. Its prototype is the Garden of Eden, to which the title of Ingo Schulze’s novel Adam und Evelyn (2008) refers. Nevertheless, Schulze moves away from this canonical setting by creating a polyphonic universe that reflects the society and underlines how ambivalent the concept of locus amoenus has become for the citizens of the GDR by the end of the 20th century. On the one hand, the idea of idyllic nature was still alive for many citizens of East Germany; on the other, for many citizens that same idea had vanished and the borders of locus amoenus merged with those of the Federal Republic’s cities. This paper aims to pinpoint the different representations of locus amoenus underlining the cultural distance between the word choices of the main characters. In fact, thanks to the use of such an accurate lexicon, the writer creates a semantic and linguistic net of contrasts, expectations and premonitions. The new elaboration of this topos goes hand in hand with the attempt to highlight the inner structure of the novel, an interpretive model that the reader can only see after several readings. The dialogic and polyphonic character of the novel imposes a reading that continually retraces its steps in search of occurrences, memories and omens that reveal the relationship between the protagonists and the surrounding environment.

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1 Canestrella S.

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Locus Amoenus: A Lexicon of Contrasts in Adam und Evelyn